Which human leg is shorter?

If the delayed consolidation is due to poor alignment of the fragment and open reduction and dive fixation with bone graft is indicated, usually performed 4-5 months after injury or later, the patient should be classified as Disabled Group II.

How long do the anagen, catagen and telogen phases take?

Most life processes in humans and other living organisms are cyclical.

The range of duration of these cycles is enormous, ranging from thousandths of a second (various intracellular chemical cycles) to days or even weeks (e.g. the menstrual cycle).

Hair growth is also a cyclical process. And the length of the cycle can vary greatly from one body part to another.

In this article you will learn what phases scientists divide the hair life cycle into and how this affects the choice of hair removal methods.

The hair life cycle

The hair follicles go through a cycle consisting of three developmental phases. The transition between them is regulated by signals from various hormones.

One of the most important is DLX3, the epidermal growth factor. This hormone acts on the hair follicle cells, limiting or accelerating their division.

Growth phase - anagen

The anagen phase is a period of vigorous hair growth when hair cells and melanocytes are actively dividing and forming a rapidly growing hair shaft.

Hair is one of the fastest growing tissues in the body and can grow more than 1 cm in as little as 28 days.

This rate of division increases the pressure inside the hair follicle, pushing the substance outward into the area of keratinization (cornification).

The rapidly dividing cells require an increased supply of nutrients, which is why the capillaries in the hair follicle are maximally developed during the anagen phase. Its duration varies greatly depending on the region and can range from 4 weeks (pubic bone) to 6 years (scalp).

Stabilization phase - catagen

This is the shortest phase of the life cycle, when the formation of the hair bulb ends. It only lasts a few weeks.

During this time, cell divisions gradually slow down, pigment production stops and the melanocytes no longer divide.

In the last few days of this phase, the hair follicles are completely cut off from the blood supply.

Resting phase - telogen

This is the 'resting phase' of the hair follicle, in which all metabolic processes slow down considerably.

The hair shaft falls off soon after reaching this stage.

As the dead hair shaft moves toward the skin's surface, a new follicle forms underneath and a new growth cycle begins.

Stress and a number of other factors can cause hair to remain in the telogen phase for long periods of time, which often leads to baldness.

characteristics of the disorder

Lateral curvature of the spine is a permanent deviation of the spine from its axis to the right or left. Another name for this pathology is scoliosis.

The curvature is often accompanied by deformation and twisting of the individual vertebrae (torsion), which leads to pressure on the nerve roots and severe back pain.

If left untreated, scoliosis progresses and, in addition to external changes, causes various disorders of internal organs, affects muscles and ligaments, and negatively affects the nervous system.

In most cases, scoliosis is diagnosed in children aged 6-15 years. The progression of the disease slows down once bone growth has stopped, ie from around the age of 25, provided the angle of curvature is not more than 30 degrees. Such a deviation is considered a benign form and does not cause major harm to health. If the angle of curvature is larger, the disease progresses into adulthood, gradually deteriorating the body to a critical condition.

Classification of scoliosis

Scoliosis has a complex classification: it is divided into types according to the form of curvature, severity, localization, as well as its origin and clinical course.

shape of the curvature

With the curvature, scoliotic arches form, which give the spine its characteristic shape. According to the number of these arches, scoliosis is divided into three types:

• The C-shape is the most common and simplest form of curvature. There is only one arch, either on the left or on the right;
• S-curvature - the curvature runs along two arcs in opposite directions. The scoliotic curve—the major curve—is formed first, followed by an alignment curve that aligns the body in space. This type is considered complex and requires prolonged treatment;
• Z-shaped – considered rare and is the most severe form of curvature. The spine forms two distinct arches and a subtle arch that can be detected by X-rays.

extent of scoliosis

To determine the degree of curvature, it is necessary to measure the angle of deviation of the spine from the norm. This is done with the help of an X-ray examination.

There are four grades of scoliosis:

I – the deviation from the axis is not more than 10 degrees, external symptoms are hardly noticeable;

Classification and causes of hypogonadism

The main cause of hypogonadism is reduced or disrupted production of sex hormones. It can be caused by testicular disease or by problems regulating hormone synthesis at the pituitary and hypothalamic levels. Depending on the cause, a distinction is made between primary and secondary hypogonadism. Primary hypogonadism is caused by problems in the testicles and can be caused by:

• genetic defects causing underdevelopment of the glands;
• The impact of harmful factors on a woman during pregnancy;
• Infectious diseases such as epididymitis, parotitis, cystitis;
• Toxic effects of high doses of certain drugs (tetracyclines, hormones);
• chemotherapy for cancer;
• radiation damage;
• Injury to the testicle due to twisting of the spermatic cord, varicocele, removal of a hernia, etc.

Secondary hypogonadism is caused by diseases of the pituitary and hypothalamus. These can include tumors, inflammation or vascular problems. Common causes are:

• Pituitary adenoma or prolactinoma;
• Dysfunction of the pituitary or hypothalamus after surgery or trauma;
• Age-related changes leading to a decrease in testosterone levels (age-related hypogonadism);
• Hemochromatosis (iron metabolism disorder).

The primary and secondary forms are distinguished by the level of gonadotrophic hormones (anterior pituitary hormones – FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone), which regulate the sex glands. Depending on this, a distinction is made between:

• Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, a primary form in which gonadotropic levels are elevated.
• Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, that is, a secondary form characterized by decreased production of gonadotropins.
• Normogonadotropic hypogonadism. In this form, gonadotropin levels are normal, and the disease manifests itself as decreased testosterone production in the testicles. The cause of the disease is hyperprolactinemia.

Suspected hypogonadism - what to do?

If a man has symptoms of testosterone deficiency that indicate hypogonadism, he should see an andrologist or urologist. Based on the patient's symptoms, the doctor can guess what problem is causing the disease.

To make a diagnosis, the genitals and secondary sexual characteristics are examined and the characteristic features of the disease are determined. X-rays of the Turk's saddle (where the pituitary gland is located), semen analysis, blood tests for sex and gonadotropic hormones help confirm the diagnosis and determine the cause.

The treatment of hypogonadism depends on the cause and is therefore determined individually. Adults are prescribed hormone replacement therapy, boys are prescribed non-hormonal preparations. The primary form involves taking testosterone, while the secondary form uses gonadotropins. If the cause is a tumour, this can be surgically removed as part of the treatment.

Since the effectiveness of treatment directly depends on the correct diagnosis, it is important for men to visit their doctor in a timely manner and undergo all recommended examinations. dr AkNer has urologists with extensive experience treating hypogonadism. To make an appointment you can use the feedback form or contact number.

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How to remove warts on face at home

It is quite difficult to treat such a problem at home. All methods are more preventative than bringing tangible results.

The most effective method can only be used when the person is overweight. With adequate weight loss, the fat is removed from the cheeks, and with additional care, the skin quickly tightens, forming a harmonious oval of the face. However, sudden weight loss should be avoided as it would only make the problem worse. It is optimal to lose 4-5 kg per month under the close supervision of a nutritionist and endocrinologist.

If the problem is not very advanced and is only just beginning, you should use massage, masks and exercise as a corrective or preventive measure.

Can the problem be tackled with conservative methods?

The only effective way is plastic surgery, threads and other interventions that completely eliminate the unwanted defect. All other options are helpful when the defects have just formed. They will sharpen the oval a bit and prevent the rapid progression of skin sagging.

If the changes are critical, only surgical methods can help restore turgor. Later, conservative methods can be used to prolong the effect. If left uncared for, the problem can recur even after plastic surgery, requiring more costly and drastic interventions to regain beauty and youth.

Massage against acne

Quite an effective tool. After applying the cosmetic products, it is advisable to massage the area from the chin to the sides and up to the ears with special massage pads or hands. The massage can also be performed with a soft towel dipped in a saline solution. Always rinse off the salt after the massage and apply a moisturizer or anti-aging cream to the skin.

Get rid of pimples on your face with lifting masks.

They are available both in drugstores and homemade. Among folk remedies, aloe vera, honey, essential oils of orange, cedar, tea tree and argan will help. As for products from the store, it is worth choosing those that have panthenol, allantoin, marine collagen, hyaluronic acid, vitamin E, snail slime and other ingredients on the label.

Exercise against pimples

Beautiful and firm skin is unthinkable anywhere on the body without strong muscles. The face is no exception to this rule. Consider a series of specific exercises to work the muscle fibers:

1. The cheeks must be firmly inflated. Then roll the air from side to side for 30 seconds.
2. Imagine a candle, put your mouth in the tube and blow out the imaginary flame vigorously at least 50-60 times.
3. Press your index fingers to your cheeks and then try to smile. Hold your hands tight enough that you can feel the effort.
4. Alternately move your lips to one side and vice versa. Wrinkles and other irregularities in the stretched part of the face should be smoothed out.
5. Relax lips. You should stay in this position for the rest of the exercise. Stick your tongue out as far as possible and lift the tip of your tongue up. Repeat the movement for one minute.

When is rehabilitation necessary?

If your loved one has suffered an acute cerebral circulatory disorder, the program will help him to regain lost functions more quickly and completely.

A second seizure is very likely, it is just as dangerous as the first, but with our rehabilitation program one can successfully recover from it.

Our program is suitable for patients with Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

The program is effective for patients with a problematic vestibular apparatus. It matters if the person loses balance while walking and has a wobbly gait.

The program also works well for hemiparesis, a sensory disorder in the limbs. We can help when the arms and legs are sluggish or, on the contrary, are too stiff and involuntarily contract.

In the case of poor memory and concentration, our range of courses can help to improve the situation.

Disorder of tactile sensitivity.

This can manifest itself in a variety of ways: aching or aching pain, an inability to distinguish hot from cold, or an inability to feel anything when touched.

Rules for Retinoids

IMPORTANT!!! It is a serious mistake when a cosmetologist does not prescribe retinoids for fear of side effects: redness, erythema, dryness and flaking of the skin. These symptoms can be easily avoided if you follow the recommendations:

Are you tempted to buy an inexpensive retinoid product at the pharmacy? It is important to know the differences:

In pharmacy preparations, synthetic analogues of retinol are used, which act more aggressively on the skin and are more likely to cause one retinoid dermatitis;

Professional cosmetic products included. natural forms of retinolThe ingredients of professional cosmetics with retinol are formulated to have a brightening and soothing, regenerating effect - for greater comfort;

Professional cosmetics with retinol are enriched with brightening ingredients to increase the effect and with soothing and restorative ingredients to facilitate application.

Each product has its own application scheme that should be consulted before use. The difference in frequency of use is related to the percentage and form of retinol.

Some serums and creams containing retinol are applied nightly (up to 0.5 %), while products containing 1 to 2 % retinol are applied on a progressive schedule, often starting in the first week with one application per week and gradually increasing to each second day in the evening, until the 4th to 5th

If there are no additional indications for retinol, it is enough to apply the product only to the area of \u200b\u200bthe pigment spots.

Retinoids should only be applied to the skin in the evening - a rule for all retinol products! A single application is sufficient, but it is important to apply sunscreen in the morning as retinoids thin the stratum corneum and make the skin more vulnerable to ultraviolet and other rays.

The regular use of mineral SPF however, reduces the dangers of the sun to zero and makes the use of retinol completely safe!

treatment methods

Depending on the stage, severity, course and age of the patient, different methods of treatment are prescribed. However, all instructions are given only by the attending physician. So there is no point in developing unbridled amateurism by following any folk medicine prescriptions found on the worldwide web. In fact, concerned parents often scour the internet to find out what a snag is, sending them into further panic. That can only make the situation worse. But it is simply right to follow the doctor's recommendations immediately.

Treatment can therefore be conservative, which is true in the early and mid-stages when the process is still essentially reversible. In the most complicated cases, surgical intervention is recommended.

Conservative therapy

Special plaster casts are very effective. Their main function is to fix the foot in the correct position. These plaster casts need to be changed at regular intervals, about once a week. This process is troublesome because the treatment time is long. It drags on for many months. However, the efficiency and above all the painlessness of the procedure speak in favor of this technique. And considering that we are talking about a child, it is extremely difficult to explain the need for the procedure when it is accompanied by painful sensations. Over a long period of time in a strictly controlled position, the body's habits change significantly. Here, too, an adjustment process is taking place, but in the right way.

Massages are also very appreciated. Massage therapy can also be used from an early age, especially when the child is very young. In addition to its positive effect as a healing therapy, it has many other advantages. It improves blood circulation, stabilizes muscle tension, kneads and strengthens soft tissues. It also has beneficial effects on the skin.

Physiotherapy has also found an echo, in particular, electrophoresis is often prescribed.

Another method, which is prescribed in almost all cases, is the treatment of horse's foot by wearing orthopedic shoes. This is the gentlest method that promotes healing gradually. Basically, special shoes together with fixation clips and insoles hold the foot in a precisely defined position. Here, too, a physiological habit develops.

You will find these products in the largest selection in our OrthoPanda catalogue. We carefully monitor the quality of our products and have the necessary approvals. All products are tested by leading medical societies and regulatory bodies. And the many different product lines allow you to choose a product for every age group, for every diagnosis. And follow your doctor's recommendations closely. A balanced price level is a welcome addition. We are aware of the current situation in the country and the purchasing power of citizens, so we have set a price that is an order of magnitude lower than the market average. That means a saving of around 20 % with every purchase. And for regular customers we have special, even better offers and special discount and bonus programs.

Disability from hip fractures and dislocations

A distinction is made between proximal (femoral neck and trochlea), diaphyseal and distal (supracondylar, periarticular and condylar) fractures. Fractures of the proximal thigh are the most common (up to 60 %) and the distal thigh the least (15 %).

Femoral neck fractures can be anchored, often valgus and adducted, or non-anchored, valgus and adducted.
Femoral neck fractures involving the mandible offer the most favorable conditions for an anastomosis in all treatment modalities. The fracture has a healing time of 4-5 months and it takes 6-8 months for the limb to regain motor function.
After a period of temporary disability, mentally fit people who do light to moderate physical work can return to work.
People who work in physically demanding jobs will need to be temporarily reassigned to lighter work after treatment, on the recommendation of the medical and preventive authorities.

Femoral neck fractures without a puncture are treated surgically. The operation of choice is osteosynthesis with a triple rod. If the operation is successful and there are no complications in the postoperative period, the fracture will consolidate within 6-8 to 10-12 months. The clinical prognosis in these cases is favorable and patients are considered temporarily disabled during the consolidation phase.

A longer period of temporary disability beyond 4 months is also advisable in patients who have been reoperated 3-4 months after the initial operation to detect early complications such as rod migration and secondary fragment displacement.

If the consolidation occurs during the temporary incapacity for work, then patients with mental, light and moderate physical work are considered able to work.

Persons engaged in medium physical labor need a temporary transfer to lighter work in accordance with the opinion of the medical and preventive institutions. Persons with heavy physical work need reasonable employment.
If their qualifications are reduced after being transferred to another profession that is not contraindicated for health reasons, the MSE determines their disability group III.

Disability due to internal knee injuries

Internal knee injuries include damage to the meniscus and cruciate ligaments.
If the meniscus is damaged, an operation called a meniscectomy is indicated. Postoperative treatment takes about 1.5-2 months and knee function usually returns during this time. Ability to work returns 2.5 to 3 months after injury, but temporary disability sometimes lasts longer because of persistent knee joint stiffness. Disability does not occur in patients after a timely and uncomplicated meniscectomy.

In the case of patients who have not undergone surgery but are employed in jobs that require long walks, forced posture, staying at height or considerable physical exertion, etc., it may be advisable in the case of recurring joint blockages to establish disability group III for the duration of the reasonable activity .

The treatment of patients with cruciate ligament injuries of the knee joint is surgical. Restoration of joint function occurs after 4-6 months, leaving patients temporarily unable to work for a longer period of time.

In the case of an extension and flexion contracture of the knee joint, disorders of knee mobility or arthrosis of the knee joint, disability group III is defined for employees who carry out contraindicated work.

anatomy

Large and small intestines differ in size, structure and function.

The small intestine is a tubular, narrow section of the digestive tract 4 meters long. But he sinks, after death he will be 8 meters long. It starts with the duodenum. Then it goes into the jejunum, followed by the ileum.

The large intestine is large, about 2 meters long. It begins with the appendix (caecum). It is followed by the large intestine, the sigmoid colon and finally the rectum.

The total length of the intestine – is on average 6 meters long. However, its size is very individual and can vary from person to person:

The mucosa is lined with epithelial cells, of which the villi are a very important part. They increase the total surface area of the digestive tract through which all necessary nutrients are absorbed. Nutrient cells are also present. They synthesize the enzymes required for parietal digestion.

The differences in the structure of the small and large intestines result in differences in the functions they perform. Since the small intestine has many villi, all nutrients are absorbed here. The large intestine has no villi but absorbs water. From this it can be concluded that each section of the intestine is responsible for a specific phase of the digestive process, depending on its structure.

How does this work?

The processing of food begins in the human mouth with the help of the enzyme lysozyme. In addition, food is crushed with the jaws, and the salivary glands secrete their own secretion to envelop the chunk of food. In the stomach, food is broken down by gastric acid. After the stomach, the food pulp enters the small intestine and is broken down in the duodenum by the bile and pancreatic enzymes, which are excreted there. In the small intestine, the complex substances are broken down into simple ones after they have been exposed to the influences mentioned above. And the simple substances, in turn, are completely absorbed. In the large intestine, the absorption of water and the beginning of the formation of feces takes place.

Now you know, How long is the human intestine?.

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