What types of doctors are there

It is also possible to open a private practice and practice medicine yourself.

Physician

A modern doctor is a person with higher medical education engaged in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.
Today there are numerous disciplines and corresponding specializations within the medical profession (general practitioners, paediatricians, dentists, beauticians, prosthodontists, phthesiologists, etc.).

• Recognizing the causes of various diseases;
• Timely routine and emergency medical care;
• Diagnosis and treatment of patients in hospitals and outpatient clinics (e.g. polyclinics).
• Implementation of rehabilitation and preventive measures;
• introduction of new drugs and therapeutics;
• implementation of health education work in the population;
• Conducting propaganda to combat drug addiction, alcoholism and smoking;
• help in creating a healthy lifestyle;
• Development and application of new methods of diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.

Requirements for the individual characteristics of a medical specialist

Important professional qualities of a doctor include:

• empathy (sensitivity to the emotional state of the other person);
• Organization;
• Don't be squeamish;
• good memory;
• sense of responsibility;
• Patience;
• aptitude for working with natural objects (people);
• the inclination to work in the field of communications;
• the propensity to work with information;
• well developed logical skills;
• a strong ability to concentrate;
• high emotional stability.

The doctor should possess the following personal qualities:

• mindfulness;
  powers of observation;
• ability to learn;
• the ability to make quick decisions and respond to emergencies and atypical situations;
• physical and emotional endurance.

Specific characteristics of the profession and training

In Russia you can enroll in medical school after the 9th or 11th grade. Many graduates enter specialized secondary schools with the prospect of pursuing higher education after acquiring basic knowledge and practical experience.

A subspecialty in medicine can only be earned at a medical school. There are educational institutions with this profile not only in Moscow, but also in all other major Russian cities.

Peculiarities of obtaining a medical specialty after the 9th grade, in college
The specialist training lasts 3 years and 10 months
✔ The course includes an internship
✔ It's easy to get a job as a paramedic

On the basis of an incomplete secondary school diploma, it is possible to train for such sought-after professions as nurse, pharmacist, dental technician, laboratory technician, masseur. There is midwifery training and a paramedic program that allows you to work in the emergency room. School leavers receive their training at medical schools and then take a simplified entrance examination for admission to university studies.

Vocational training after the 11th grade, at secondary schools
✔ Duration of study from five years
✔ Basic studies are enriched with practical lessons
✔ Graduates with Abitur can study preventive and orthopedic dentistry, therapeutics and therapeutic massage.

important: Medical training cannot be completed via distance learning, but only in the form of personal encounters. Today, many training centers offer distance learning courses in various disciplines. However, the basic training must be full-fledged – you need to listen to theoretical material and do practical exercises.

What is interesting about the medical profession?

Doctor is a profession that is equally in demand among girls and young people. In terms of social relevance and status, professionals with higher medical education are among the most sought-after professions. This will not change in 2023 either.

What are the responsibilities of a college graduate?
✎ Examination, questioning of patients
✎ Examination and completion of medical records
✎ Compilation of tests and examinations to establish a diagnosis
✎ Interpretation of test results
✎ Development of treatment regimens and their modification when ineffective
✎ Close cooperation with specialized clinicians
✎ Collaborating with colleagues and supervising nursing staff and middle staff

Physicians are also classified into the following categories:

✔ Clinician: They work directly with patients, making diagnoses and prescribing treatments.
✔ Diagnostician: They specialize in laboratory and functional diagnostics and issue reports, but the final diagnosis is not their responsibility.
✔ Specialists in surgery: They perform operations of any complexity, make punctures, biopsies and other invasive interventions.
✔ Physicians who are not surgeons: Diagnostic doctors fall into this category.
✔ general practitioner: For example a general practitioner with a basic knowledge of most diseases.
✔ general practitioner.Medical specialists who deal with a specific disease or organ.

There are disciplines that do not fall under any of the qualifications listed: e.g. B. pathologist i coroner.

About personal characteristics and career choice

Being a doctor is a profession with many components. On the one hand it is a pure science, on the other hand it is a science bordering on a craft. In our work we constantly deal with people. A medical specialist must have in-depth knowledge, the ability to communicate with patients and a willingness to perform mechanical work. Another important quality of a future doctor is the ability to act with a cool head. Of course, the desire to help is the driving force behind the profession, but it's important to understand that we deal with many different cases every day and we can't let every story pass us by. It is the ability to avoid emotions at the right time that allows us to make the right decision when choosing treatment tactics.

There is a widespread belief that doctors have busy schedules. That's not always true, but over the years the line between work and personal life has become blurred, even if you only have a few shifts a week at work. At work one must always be 'on duty'. You answer the phone and also give advice outside of the hospital. With the advent of telemedicine, it is possible to constantly discuss certain work items with patients or other doctors. You always have your finger on the pulse of time.

I was born into a medical family. My mother is a biologist and my father is an oncologist. He was a cancer researcher and made some important and fundamental discoveries in carcinogenesis that fundamentally changed certain algorithms for interacting with carcinogens. I grew up around medicine, having spent a lot of time in a cancer center since childhood and have been familiar with this environment for as long as I can remember. Other professions just weren't an option for me and I always knew what I wanted to be - clinical oncologist.

Andrey Vsevolodovich Kukushkin, MD, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Endovascular Surgeon, European Clinic Radiologist

Important surgical specializations

Surgery is used as a form of treatment for chronic and acute conditions, as well as a cosmetic procedure to improve appearance. There are many different types of surgeons.

Plastic Surgeons

Plastic surgery is a very popular medical specialty today. When someone is unhappy with a body part (size, position, or shape), self-talk, creams, or exercise cannot always improve the situation. And no one reversed the natural aging process. In addition, these doctors give hope to people who have suffered, for example, an accident or disaster that has negatively affected their appearance.

The most popular surgeries performed by a plastic surgeon are:

• skin tightening; wrinkle removal;
• blepharoplasty;
• rhinoplasty;
• breast augmentation;
• liposuction;
• Plastic surgery of the external genitals;
• Removal of blemishes.

This doctor carries out his activities not only in hospitals and clinics, but also in cosmetology centers or beauty salons. In any case, special education and specialization is an essential requirement for the doctor.

laser surgery

A laser surgeon does not just treat a specific organ or part of the body. He can operate on diseases of various organs as well as cosmetic defects. In his work he uses a special laser device together with precise instruments.

Pediatric Surgeon

Pediatric surgery is a special field of surgery. It is well known that the anatomy of children differs greatly from that of an adult; moreover, children have congenital defects and some 'adult' diagnoses such as cholecystitis or pancreatitis are rare exceptions in children and only a pediatrician can know the ins and outs of their detection and treatment. Therefore, most operations on small patients are performed by a specialized surgeon. Your child can be referred to him:

What other diseases does the surgeon treat?

In addition to the above activities, the doctor can perform surgical treatment of such injuries and diseases as.

• boils, carbuncles, abscesses, gangrene, purulent wounds (oil surgeon);
• Disorders of the musculoskeletal system (orthopaedist)
• Diseases of the thyroid, gonads, pituitary, adrenal glands (endocrine surgeon);
• Inflammation of the uterus and ovaries, genital malformations and abscesses, pelvic adhesions, ectopic pregnancies, ovarian cysts, uterine polyps (gynaecologist);
• urolithiasis, kidney tumors, ureteral narrowing, bladder abnormalities, perinephritis (urologist);
• Eye injuries, cataracts, retinal detachment, glaucoma, strabismus (ophthalmologist);
• paraproctitis, anal fissures, hemorrhoids, anal polyps, intestinal tumors (proctologist);
• abnormalities of the heart (cardiac surgeon);
• anomalies of the male genital organs (andrologist);
• Injuries and pathologies of the hand (hand surgeon).

Disadvantages

One of the biggest disadvantages of the surgical profession is the enormous responsibility that one carries on a daily basis when one chooses this profession.

– We often don't get a second chance and many decisions have to be made very quickly. It's not a business where you go broke and start all over again', emphasizes Mohammed Mirzantov.

Other disadvantages of being a surgeon are.

– Surgery, and plastic surgery in particular, is very interesting and complex. She combines surgery, art and psychology. You are in constant development. Step by step, year by year, one acquires the right vision, the necessary skills and abilities. When there is a need and a desire to become a real professional, disadvantages such as a long education, an enormous amount of work and a rather smooth development usually fade into the background', says Plastic surgeon Patima Mirzoeva.

where to learn

First of all, it is necessary to complete basic training at the medical faculty, namely in the department of 'general medicine'. The choice of the field of study is made in the 4th year and the future doctors specialize during the residency training. Thereafter, the doctor must confirm his qualifications every 5 years.

– In general, I would advise you to prepare yourself for this at school. Concentrate on teaching medicine with an emphasis on chemistry and biology,' says Patima Mirzoeva.

educational institutions

There are many universities in the country where you can get a good medical education. The most renowned include:

• IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University;
• II Mechnikov Northwest State Medical University (St. Petersburg);
• Pirogov Russian Medical University (Moscow);
• Siberian State Medical University (Tomsk);
• Pavlov State Medical University (St. Petersburg).

Physicians are honored all over the world. For this reason, the International Day of Doctors was created. The holiday is celebrated on the first Monday in October every year.

courses

Each surgeon can, if he wishes, change his profile or choose a subspecialty. For this purpose, there are special retraining courses and postgraduate programs for doctors.

For example, Center for innovative methods in medical education St. Petersburg offers practical courses and master classes in surgical specialties. Here you can attend an intensive course on the 'beginnings of surgical manipulation', the basics of plastic surgery, microsurgery, endovidectomy in gynecology and others.

Institute for Medical Education Moscow offers continuing education courses for those who have completed an internship or residency in surgery and have a degree in general medicine or pediatrics. Topics include 'Critical Care and Resuscitation', 'Emergencies Requiring Surgical Intervention', 'Surgical Infections' and more. The training can be completed via distance learning.

Description

Medicine encompasses a range of scientific disciplines and practical activities related to the study of the various processes in the human body and the treatment of diseases. A doctor is a specialist who deals with the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. He examines patients, gets to the heart of their problems, diagnoses them; he must make critical decisions that affect the fate and even the lives of patients. The responsibility that every doctor has towards his patients cannot be overestimated. In addition, this profession requires compliance with certain ethical principles, to the observance of which the trainee doctors take a special oath.

There are a large number of different medical specialties that should be classified according to the following criteria for better description:

First, all physicians are divided into clinicians and diagnosticians.

Clinicians are physicians who deal directly with the patient. They examine the patient, take their medical history, refer them for tests if necessary, and then make a definitive diagnosis and prescribe a specific treatment. Clinical doctors include general practitioners, paediatricians, surgeons, neurologists, psychiatrists, trauma surgeons, gastroenterologists, otolaryngologists, ophthalmologists, neurosurgeons, endocrinologists, gynecologists, urologists, general practitioners, etc.

The diagnosticians, on the other hand, carry out examinations themselves and prepare descriptive reports for the patients, but without having the right to make a definitive diagnosis. This applies to radiologists, ultrasound diagnosticians, laboratory diagnosticians, functional diagnosticians, etc.

Second, all medical specialties are also divided into surgical and non-surgical specialties.

Physicians with a surgical specialty are medical professionals who not only perform major surgeries, but also perform invasive procedures such as resections, punctures, biopsies, or even simple injections. In all these procedures, the doctors have to receive the patients in special rooms with strict antiseptic requirements.

Advantages

The particularly positive aspects of this job include:

• Doctors are always in demand;

• a sense of social importance;

• The deep personal satisfaction of helping patients and sometimes saving their lives;

• the unlimited demand for good professionals;

• a fairly high salary level in private institutions;

• the opportunity to advance professionally.

Today it is becoming increasingly common to hear from friends that they see a psychologist. Many organizations even employ such professionals on their staff. We give an indication of how promising and desirable the profession of psychologist is

Physicians in the second line

Patients are also often persuaded to see doctors when suffering from a relatively rare disease. In this situation, physicians who are not part of primary care are usually called in. These include in particular:

• hematologists;
• immunologists
• allergists
• hepatologists;
• vascular surgeons;
• rehabilitation physicians;
• infectious disease specialists;
• nephrologists
• orthopedists;
• physiater;
• valeologists
• Psychiatrist;
• psychotherapists
• traumatologists;
• functional diagnostician.

These specialists also have direct contact with the patients. Thanks to them, it is possible to treat quite rare diseases that primary care doctors cannot treat.

specializations

With the development of medicine, more and more specialties are gradually emerging. As a result, jobs are emerging that did not exist before. The most interesting professions in this regard include:

• doctor-epileptic;
• mycologist
• vertebrologist;
• Surgeon;
• radiologist;
• reproductive medicine;
• plastic surgeon
• Geneticist;
• nutritionist.

These specialists work in a very narrow area. Their job is often not even to treat the disease directly. Your task is to help the patient recover from the disease or end the pathological process.

The family doctor: the successor of the village doctor

It cannot be said that the family doctor is a recent invention. Before the advent of sub-specialties, all doctors were rather universal and treated whatever the patient came to them with.

In Russia, such a practice arose in the late 19th century—in the guise of zemstvo physicians, universalists, and encyclopedists. They took in everyone from small to large and treated everything from broken bones and boils to gout and migraines, delivered babies and saved them from whooping cough and scarlet fever.

At a time when doctors were scarce, such broad specialization and encyclopedic knowledge was life-saving for patients.

The general practitioner later gave up his position somewhat. In the system of Soviet medicine, general practitioners were replaced by district therapists, and many narrow specialists treated (and treat) certain groups of diseases.

What's the difference? Why are hundreds of general practitioners now being retrained to become general practitioners?

Make an appointment with your family doctor – a way to save time

In the Russian healthcare system, the general practitioner has become a kind of medical dispatcher. Patients come to him with everything from migraines to ingrown toenails. In the meantime, the family doctor can only take blood pressure and temperature, listen with the phonendoscope and refer the patient to one or more specialists. They will then refer the patient to one or more specialists for evaluation and treatment. He may also decide to refer the patient to other specialists.

It is good if the patient lives in a big city where such specialists are available. Those who live in the provinces not only have to wait a long time for an appointment, but also have to cover dozens or even hundreds of kilometers. Sometimes just to get referred to another doctor.

The general practitioner can save the patient the trip from practice to practice while waiting for the advice of a specialist. Because he can do a lot himself.

Unlike the family doctor, whose arsenal includes only a thermometer, a tonometer and a phonendoscope, the family doctor can do it independently

• perform a rhinoscopy and otoscopy
• examine the back of the eye and issue a prescription for glasses;
• perform and transcribe an ECG;
• perform and report on an ultrasound examination;
• wash an ear, open a boil, treat a small wound;
• Collection of samples for testing and referral for a variety of tests. Based on the results, refer the patient to a specialist (if necessary). With preliminary diagnosis and examinations.

According to worldwide statistics, 80 % of visits to medical facilities do not exceed the competence of the general practitioner. Visiting a family doctor means receiving qualified medical care without having to stand in line and visit different surgeries. This in no way diminishes the importance and necessity of the general practitioner. On the contrary: The general practitioner is relieved of his duties as a family doctor and can devote himself to his actual task: the treatment of internal diseases.

What are the duties of a general practitioner?

The doctor is the one who directs the clinical process in all its phases and makes the final assessment of the patient's condition.

• Full control over the therapeutic and diagnostic process at all stages;
• conducting diagnostic, routine, and dispositional testing in all populations;
• Understanding the principles of 1C software;
• prescribing medicines and issuing various types of prescriptions;
• Participation in medical and social investigations of certain individuals;
• Completing various reports, including medical history;
• providing high-tech emergency care to accident victims;
• ability to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
• ability to carry out childbirth;
• knowledge of medical rules and regulations to be followed by all personnel;
• Adherence to the principles of medical ethics and deontology when dealing with patients and colleagues;
• understanding of the basic principles of general surgery and human anatomy;
• Compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards;
• Understanding of the physiological and biochemical processes of all human body systems;
• Making preliminary and final diagnoses based on examinations and additional tests;
• knowledge of the specific features of the organism of adults and children;
• ability to work in a team;
• Quick resolution of conflicts in the work process;
• Ability to communicate with people.

Doctors can develop their potential and contribute to society in various areas of medicine. The most important of these are:

1. Therapy: doctors can work in community outpatient clinics and hospitals, examine all systems of the human body, use conservative methods (drugs), but, if necessary, refer to a specialist for further examinations.
2. Surgery: Fellows work in hospitals, advising medical staff on treatment options, determining indications and contraindications for surgical procedures, and performing minor and major abdominal surgeries. These medical specialists can become medical specialists after obtaining the appropriate specialization.
3. Gynecology: Gynecologists treat patients of all ages, take care of their reproductive organs, attend to pregnancies and give birth. They work in maternity hospitals, maternity hospitals and perinatal centers. After acquiring this specialization, one can become a gynecologist.
4. Dentistry: Dentists treat teeth and gums, insert implants and various dentures and advise on oral hygiene. They work in dental clinics.
5. Pediatrics: Pediatricians work in children's hospitals. They care for patients under the age of 18, provide psychological support for children and their families, design the best treatment program for each child, issue childcare sick notes and refer to specialists.
6. Public Health: The public health is made up of people who have decided to step out of clinical practice and instead create regulations and laws by which the rest of the medical staff must work. The public health professionals work in the appropriate departments.

Where do you study to become a doctor?

To become a doctor, applicants must enroll in a medical degree after completing 11th grade in one of the following areas: 'Medicine and Dentistry'. These departments provide specialized training and are taught on a full-time basis only. It takes five years at the Faculty of Dentistry and five and a half to six years at the Faculty of Internal Medicine. After completing their studies, students receive diplomas with the relevant qualifications.

Graduates can work immediately in various healthcare institutions. Those wishing to continue their studies and improve their qualifications must enroll in a residency program and study for two to seven years, depending on the specialty.

Physicians must prove their professional aptitude and undergo retraining every 4 to 5 years in order to renew their professional license.

Three subjects must be passed in order to gain access to the profession: Russian (compulsory test), chemistry and biology (aptitude test). The Admissions Committee admits applicants based on their grades in the state unit exam and school entrance exam. Those who do well in the exams are entitled to free entry.

Applicants must bring the following documents with them for admission:

• 1-2 copies of passport and SNILS;
• application form;
• 11th grade school leaving certificate;
• results of the final examination;
• medical certificate;
• a 3×4 cm color photo of the applicant.

Where does the application have to be submitted?

To become a doctor, you must have completed your schooling and be enrolled in a technical college. The course lasts 5.5 to 6 years full-time, there is no part-time study at the university.

Applicants for a medical degree must bring the following documents:

• Passport (several copies);
• SNILS;
• Medical certificate (086/form);
• School leaving certificate from class 11
• application form;
• exam results;
• several photos in the format 3*4 cm.

Which exams do I have to take?

You must pass one compulsory subject (Russian) and two other subjects (Chemistry and Biology) before being admitted to the course. Applicants to post-secondary schools are more likely to be accepted based on their USE scores, while college graduates are more likely to be accepted based on internal university examinations. Pupils with good grades are entitled to a state-funded university place.

The profession of doctor is one of the best and most desirable professions in the world today. Good employees do what they love and earn a decent income, but they are also administratively and criminally responsible for their own actions and those of their subordinates. They take care of the physical and mental health of the patients. Aspiring medical students need to be aware of the implications of their decision.

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