What the orthopedist pays attention to

A healthy child does not need shoe inserts. Thanks to a special layer of fat that provides cushioning, the child's foot is soft and flexible, even if it looks flat. There is no reason to panic over fear of flat feet. As the child grows, the fatty tissue will recede, the ligaments will stabilize, the muscles will strengthen, and an arch will develop if the child is healthy.

How to prepare for an orthopedic consultation

Joint pain that recurs with enviable frequency is a reason to see an orthopedist. If you have not yet been treated for osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis or other diseases of the musculoskeletal system and a consultation with a specialist is approaching, prepare carefully so that you do not forget to ask important questions and do not miss anything.

It's not enough to talk about your symptoms and complaints: you need documentation and everything you have on hand about your condition:

• Outpatient records from the clinic or other medical facility where you received treatment (a copy, such as a photo taken with your cell phone or tablet, is also acceptable);
• Results of tests and examinations from all times (everything that has to do with your joints is important, including examinations of other body systems);
• a list of medications you currently or regularly take (a written list with dosage is preferable).

It is your responsibility to provide as much documentary information as possible about your condition.

What the doctor may ask you during your visit

First and foremost, the doctor will ask you about your symptoms, so think beforehand and formulate your answer. How often do you have joint pain, what type of pain is it, how often does it occur and what causes the pain to worsen or improve?

You may need to talk about these questions:

• Have you ever been treated for osteoarthritis, arthritis or other joint problems?
• If so, what type of treatment did you receive and what was the result?
• Do you have family members who suffer from musculoskeletal problems in general and joint problems in particular?
• What illnesses have you experienced in your life?
• Have you had any injuries, fractures or bruises?
• Are there operations, when and in what context
• whether you have recently experienced any major changes in your life, e.g. B. in relation to your eating habits, your professional activity or possibly a change of residence, etc.

The podiatrist will also want to know if you are allergic to certain medications.

Medical expertise

Sometimes a trauma surgeon has another specialty – orthopedics. A related field requires almost identical knowledge and practical skills. Small polyclinics tend to take advantage of this. You have two professions that are successfully combined by the same expert.

The main area of responsibility of this specialist is the diagnosis and treatment of multiple organs. Most often they have to deal with bone fractures of varying degrees of severity.

In this case, the integrity of one or more bones is compromised. If even part of the skeleton fails, the protective functions become unstable and the internal organs are at risk of destabilization. Victims with skull or spinal injuries are considered particularly frightening. In the most horrific cases, they either result in disability or are the main cause of death.

In addition to tasks affecting the skeleton, the doctor also deals with tendon and ligament abnormalities. Although this category of cases is considered one of the most common, fortunately they are not fatal. The maximum in an advanced stage is the impairment of the quality of life.

Such injuries often affect the health of athletes. That's why a specialized sports traumatologist is always available to you. He is the one who arranges appointments for check-ups to keep the person healthy and fit. He is also responsible for reducing the risks associated with possible injuries.

It is no less common for people who have suffered bone or joint sprains to visit a specialist's office. Contrary to the cliché, many inquiries here come not only from people with an active lifestyle. The cause of the injury is not just a mechanical mishap.

People diagnosed with osteoarthritis or with a predisposition to it rush to a trauma surgeon.

Reasons to make an appointment

Each patient can decide for themselves whether they want to be treated by a fee-based doctor or whether it is possible to limit the services of a specialist from a public health center. Regardless of who is preferred, the reasons for visiting the appraiser's office remain the same.

The first priority is an injury or even a simple bruise. The latter can pose many dangers, among other things:

In all of these cases, immediate help is required, so one should contact a medical facility as soon as possible after the incident. Otherwise, the patient will experience the following negative symptoms in the next few hours:

Broken bones are also a cause for concern. These are not always immediately recognizable as they can be closed or open fractures. The first variant is fraught with many complications arising from the injured person's inattention. Because closed fractures are difficult to self-diagnose, many people delay seeing a trauma surgeon until the last minute.

Experts recommend that if you experience acute pain syndrome, you should immediately go to the hospital or even call a doctor at home. This is especially true for closed injuries, which may be more serious than they appear. They are characterized by increasing pain and swelling of the skin at the site of the suspected rupture.

With an open fracture, things are much simpler, because at the sight of blood and open wounds it immediately becomes clear that the arrival of an ambulance should not be delayed. Attempting to handle the matter on your own may result in abnormal bone fusion in the future. This leads to various accompanying problems that must be corrected surgically by breaking the bone from the ground up and providing appropriate splints.

Brain, spinal cord, and spine injuries are a particularly frightening injury. In this case, seconds matter.

Which diseases are treated by orthopedists?

An orthopedist is a highly specialized doctor who not only has expertise in conservative and surgical medicine, but also in the areas of engineering, technology, mechanics, materials science, etc. Congenital defects, trauma-related disorders and disfiguring diseases require a whole chain of corrective and preventive medical treatments Treatments to eliminate defects and trauma-related disorders. In addition, the orthopedist distinguishes between the following areas.

• Post-traumatic (elimination of the consequences of injuries of varying severity);
• Sport (supporting sporting activities and eliminating negative consequences of sporting activities);
• Pediatrics (this treatment focuses more on congenital defects and their early correction);
• conservative (non-surgical, preventive treatment of the skeleton and joints to eliminate minor defects);
• surgical (surgical intervention to correct major defects of the skeleton, especially the spine).

The most important diseases that the orthopedist deals with are:

• curvatures of the limbs – clubfoot, flatfoot, etc.;
• Congenital defects – dysplasia, torticollis, etc;
• joint deformities due to inflammation – bursitis, arthrosis, etc;
• Spinal deformities – osteochondrosis, intervertebral fractures, etc.;
• Limb injuries – sprains, breaks, fractures, dislocations, etc;
• Bone tumors – Ewing tumor, osteogenic sarcoma, chondromyrosarcoma, etc;
• Sequelae of rheumatological diseases, e.g. B. polyarticular deformities in rheumatoid arthritis or postural defects in ankylosing spondylitis, etc.

Other specialists are often referred to the orthopedic department - surgeons, rheumatologists, general practitioners, phlebologists and immunologists. The orthopedist is an important link in therapy, surgery, rehabilitation and regenerative medicine.

Diagnostic methods and techniques

The main diagnostic method is external examination, during which an experienced and qualified doctor can make a preliminary diagnosis. External examination means:

• Examination of the painful area;
• Visual assessment of gait;
• Observation of limb movements while standing or lying down;
• Auscultation of bony shocks, crunches;
• Functional tests.

In addition, hardware tests are also used in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases:

Sometimes the doctor needs the results of laboratory tests:

• general blood test;
• urine test;
• blood clotting tests;
• prothrombin time and thromboplastin time; and fibrinogen measurements;
• Micronutrient testing and other tests.

Popular questions and answers

Orthopedist, osteopath, vertebrologist, physiotherapist - what's the difference?

Answer: In medicine, there are many specialists who basically treat the same organ, but in different ways. Let's try to briefly describe the function of each doctor.

• An osteopath is a specialist who was officially included in the register of medical specialties in Russia in 2013 and is engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases through manipulation of the hands. There is an ambivalent attitude towards this field among medical professionals. There is a prevailing opinion that osteopathy does not exist.
• A spine specialist is a doctor who specializes in the treatment of the back and spine and the relationship of back pain to internal organs. Essentially, a spine specialist combines orthopedic and neurological techniques in their work.
• A physical therapist is a specialist in regenerative medicine and rehabilitation. A physical therapist's expertise includes knowledge of biomechanics and biodynamics, techniques and technologies for restoring health, mobility and normal function of the human body after stress, injury or illness. The physiotherapist deals not only with the musculoskeletal system, but with all systems of the body - nervous, immune, cardiovascular, etc.

Diseases affecting children

Orthopedics deals with a wide range of diseases, including congenital ones. The most common include:

• Torticollis: unnatural tilt of the head caused by abnormal development of the sternocleidomastoid muscle or cervical spine. Sometimes this condition is caused by the obstetric tract. In this case, there are soft tissue or spinal injuries. Wry neck is third on the list of musculoskeletal disorders in infants. This pathology leads to skeletal deformities, hearing and vision are impaired, and the child lags behind his peers;
• Congenital dislocation of the hip joint: The dysplasia forms during fetal development or shortly after birth. It is usually easy to correct if caught early. If the problem is ignored, it will require surgery as the child cannot walk or even sit upright;
• Syndactyly: a congenital limb disorder in which two or more fingers and toes are partially or completely fused together. This disorder occurs already in the embryonic period and the child is born with this anomaly. Most often the disorder is due to poor heredity; In a family, syndactyly occurs not only in the father or mother, but also in the grandfathers and grandmothers. It has nothing to do with health but is more of a cosmetic defect;
• Polydactyly: the presence of additional fingers or rudimentary outgrowths on the hands or feet: six or more fingered. This pathology disrupts the normal functioning of the limbs, causes restrictions in the physical and emotional development of the child (with a negative impact on the psyche). The child must wear orthopedic shoes; polydactyly brings with it certain limitations;
• Clubfoot: Abnormality in the structure of the feet and ankles. It can be congenital or acquired. Statistically speaking, girls are affected twice as often as boys. The child walks 'waddling' and takes small steps. This usually amuses adults, but in fact over time the pathology leads to atrophy of the fibula muscles (the child stands on the outside of the foot all the time), older children experience pain when walking and blisters. The knee joints are damaged;
• Flatfoot: Flattening of the arch of the foot. This structural change leads to gait disturbances, fatigue, leg pain and swelling.

When should you see a doctor?

Parents of young children should pay attention to the following abnormalities

• Abnormal position of the head;
• Abnormal length of limbs;
• Crunching and clicking in some joints during movement;
• The child is clearly trying to stretch one leg less or use the right or left arm much less;
• The child's feet 'bend' inwards or outwards (the parents may notice this).

Musculoskeletal disorders in school-age children have the following symptoms

• Uneven, 'hunched' back when sitting or standing;
• back pain, chest pain;
• cephalgia;
• In the evening the feet become very tired; shoes get clogged quickly;
• Lameness.

Many people tend to overlook these symptoms and dismiss them as fatigue. In reality, behind the symptoms can be e.g. B. a vegetative vascular dystonia hide spinal problems. Therefore, it is important to consult a specialist so as not to treat a non-existent disease while the actual disease is progressing.

In addition to the urgent need to see a pediatric orthopedist, there are also regular check-ups for infants and toddlers. A visit to a specialist is necessary in order to prevent abnormalities, identify disorders in a timely manner and initiate treatment.

During the first year of life, the doctor examines the infant at 1, 6, 8 and 12 months of age. The doctor determines whether the skeleton and skull are growing proportionally and correctly. He checks for signs of torticollis and hip dysplasia (a very common pathology, the first signs of which parents cannot recognize on their own).

Later, preventive examinations will be carried out annually. They are mostly carried out in educational institutions: kindergartens and schools. Postural abnormalities and flat feet are more common.

If urgent specialist medical advice is required:

head and neck

Carefully examine the baby's head and pay attention to its shape; it should be symmetrical. But it's not just the shape, but also the position of the head that needs to be taken into account. Does your child turn his head or try to look in one direction all the time? In the latter case, the orthopedist may determine, among other things, the following Habitual turning of the head – This is a borderline case that can lead to a one-sided skull deformity (the so-called crooked back of the head) if appropriate measures are not taken in time.

The causes of habitual head turning can range from birth trauma (cephalohematoma, broken collarbone) to mishandling the baby by constantly approaching the crib from one side without moving the baby's head to one side.

However, perhaps the most unpleasant diagnosis associated with abnormal head posture is Torticollis (muscular torticollis) (an injury to the neck muscles that causes abnormal head posture). It is not always diagnosed in the delivery room, but already in the first week of life the mother may notice a forced position of the baby's head (tilting to the wrong side, turning the chin to the healthy side). When the baby tries to change his head position, he will show signs of distress and a painful grimace on his face. A little later, parents may notice asymmetry of the face: on the side of the torticollis, the volume of the cheek muscles is reduced. If one tries to palpate the neck muscle on the affected side, one will find a thick mass (1 to 3 cm) that feels painful.

Congenital torticollis requires immediate qualified treatment, which consists of physiotherapy courses, massage and the use of special headrests (pillows, rollers, etc.). If detected early and treated in a timely manner, torticollis can be corrected without surgery.

spine and thorax

After examining the head and neck, we move on to the spine and thorax, but this part of the examination should be preceded by a brief excursion into anatomy.

The adult spine is not straight but has physiological curvatures. kyphosis (external curvature - when looking at the person from the side, this curvature is directed backwards, towards the back) and lordosis (inner curvature – directed towards the chest):

All of these curvatures form in the first few months of life. When the curvatures of the vertebrae are correctly formed, a spring effect is created and the spine can then easily bear axial loads due to the good padding of the vertebrae. However, if even one of the curvatures is flattened, this effect disappears, and the spine is exposed to undue stress, which contributes to many diseases, including scoliosis (lateral curvature of the spine), osteochondrosis (limited mobility of the spine), etc.

So we return to the investigation. Let's place the child on his stomach with his legs bent ('frog position') and check whether the spine is in the midline. Sometimes the baby can have one. 'Infant scoliosis.. It is often accompanied by neurological symptoms (muscular dystonia, hypertension) - when corrected, the correct position of the spine is restored.

Sometimes when examining the child in this position, the axis of the spine is bent backwards - the so-called 'lumbar kyphosis'. Kyphosis of the lumbar spine However, this mainly occurs in babies who are born very large and goes away quite quickly if the baby is held properly in the arms and does not try to sit up or stand up for the first three months of life (many parents love this Putting the baby 'on the jump' - it can't do that).

Parents should know that the curvature of the spine develops gradually: First, the child begins to hold his head - this contributes to the development of cervical lordosis. At this point it is worth remembering that the use of pillows in children interferes with the correct formation of this curvature. When the child begins to sit up (which he does gradually if not disturbed by adults), thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis form. If the child is placed in a chair too early, he may develop curves instead of the correct ones thoracolumbar kyphosis or develop a so-called 'hunched back'.

Additionally

Subluxation of the radius bone at the elbow joint is a very common injury in children. Three bones are connected to each other at the elbow joint: the humerus, the ulna and the radius. To hold these bones together, there are ligaments. In young children, the ligaments are very flexible and loose and can move easily around the bones. As we age, the ligaments become stronger and slipping is no longer as easy.

This injury occurs when the child is suddenly pulled by the hand: the father twists, lifts the child sharply by the wrists (the child must be lifted by the armpit) or even when the parents hold the child by the hand the toddler slips and gets stuck on the hand - and subluxation occurs.

A cracking of the joint can be heard at the time of injury. When the injury occurs, the child usually feels a short, sharp pain that subsides almost immediately. The main symptom of the injury is an inability to bend the arm in the elbow area - children hold the injured arm in full extension.

As soon as possible after the injury, the child should be seen by a trauma surgeon who will reset the subluxation and put the ligament back in place.

When should I see a trauma surgeon?

It is common for children to fall, hurt themselves, or injure themselves in one way or another. How do you know when a bandage and iodine is enough and when to go to the emergency room?

• Any cut or puncture wound should be examined by a doctor. Do not put greens or iodine in the wound! This leads to additional chemical burns of the wound. Do not apply cotton wool to an open wound - its fibers are difficult to remove from the wound. If the wound is very dirty, rinse it with clean water. Then cover the wound with a clean cloth (sterile gauze, tissue, etc.), apply a pressure bandage, and go to a trauma center as quickly as possible. The doctor operates on the wound, cleans it thoroughly (you cannot do this yourself), ensures that all structures are intact and applies a bandage.
• If there is significant swelling at the injury site. This may indicate that it is not just a bruise, but also a fracture, sprain, or torn ligament.
• If the child loses consciousness, even if only for a short time. This may be an indication of a head injury, which can have serious consequences.
• If the child vomited after the injury. Vomiting, nausea, and paleness also indicate a possible brain injury.
• If the child hit his head. A head injury may not be immediately noticeable, but it can have very serious consequences.
• If the child was hit in the stomach area. If the abdomen is hit, internal organs may be damaged and internal bleeding may occur.
• If the child fell from a height (from a chair, table, etc.), fell from a bicycle, etc. Sometimes there are no external symptoms, but the internal organs are damaged.
• If the child is restless and behaves unusually.

In general, when in doubt, it is better to calm down and see a doctor. Injuries in children – this is a topic where it is better to exaggerate than to trivialize. There is no need to shy away from this for fear of worrying the doctors in the emergency room or trauma center for nothing. Your child's health comes first!

Tabel. Musculoskeletal system (OMS) and motor skills at one year of age

• The lack of goal-directed, active motor skills is usually due to reflexes.
• Spontaneous arm and leg movements, head turning, turning from back to stomach, and crawling forward and backward may occur. However, these are all still automatisms.

There are no significant and visible changes. The first three months of a baby's life are often referred to as the fourth trimester of pregnancy or the period of carrying a newborn. The baby needs attention and gentle physical contact with the mother.

• The ability to hold the head develops between the ages of 1 and 3 months.
• Most active infants attempt to roll onto their side, and the mechanism most often involves twisting and rolling.
• Massages, prone positioning and baby swimming with a gradual increase in the volume of dynamic exercises are helpful.

• Infants begin to hold their heads up confidently and some roll over.
• This is the age of transition to a horizontal surface (floor) to develop and acquire new motor skills: the baby is placed on a mat and stimulated with toys to crawl, stretch, turn and play; lifting the head, turning and looking is mandatory; Infant swimming, fitness ball exercises are welcome.

• The child perfects the acquired skills: holds the head in the prone and upright position, turns from back to stomach, from stomach to back. Babies that are particularly playful learn to crawl on tiptoes and on all fours.
• If the child cannot hold his head up and does not try to turn over, you should consult a neurologist who will examine him in detail.

It's time to practice rolling over and learn new exercises: crawling, crawling on outstretched arms, crawling on all fours.

H2. What an orthopedist looks for in babies

Many parents expect their baby to be able to sit up by six months, but this is not always the case. Most of the time, your baby will sit up from all fours. If he does not master this position, it is unlikely that he will be able to sit up, but there are exceptions. You shouldn't put your baby on pillows or pull his hands when he lifts his head and tries to sit up (your baby is doing this to see better, not to sit up).

• If your child doesn't sit down, that's okay. The age range for sitting is 6-9 months.
• It is important that the child is able to hold his head up, roll on his side and attempt to crawl. All children are different and motor development should be assessed individually in relation to the child's muscular fitness and willingness to move.

• To promote crawling and sitting up, 'squid' exercises can be carried out: the child leans on their hands while the parents support the body and encourage movement. You can help the baby get on all fours and help him rock. Some babies try to stand up as early as six months - it is normal for a baby to stand up on their own using their hands.
• To promote motor skills, it is important to create a safe environment: a floor with a rubber or knitted mat for the baby to move and explore in 2-3 square meters; Rattles and other toys are useful.

An infant is typically not yet able to sit upright without support - a skill that develops by 9.5 months of age. It is important to observe how the baby holds his head, what attempts he makes and how he moves. If there is a delay in the development of this ability, a neurologist should be consulted.

• New skills may emerge: try standing with support or even walking with support, crawling on all fours.
• Test skills on a hard, flat surface, on the floor, through stimulation with toys.
• Do not use walkers, jump ropes, grab bars, or pillows. It is the parents' job to encourage the child to move in a playful way so that they want to do something independently.
• It has been proven that 4 % of healthy children are unable to crawl on all fours. So if your child is not crawling on all fours, but is crawling or already trying to sit up, this is normal.

The accident orthopedist examines your child before the age of 1 and at the age of 1 year:

1. At the age of 1 year, you can explain to the doctor in advance what will happen and ask the child to show the doctor how he walks and stands, let him touch his arms and legs, stand on tiptoes, stand on one leg and on the other, bending forward. If possible, the child will do everything himself, but if he is unable to do this, the doctor will usually do some passive manipulations.
2. It is advisable to be in a good mood, as unfortunately the state of health of a crying and restless child cannot be accurately assessed.
3. A video showing the child walking long distances around the house without clothing can be made in advance. Some children are afraid of doctors, and if the child cannot reproduce the gait in the office, the doctor will look at the home version.
4. It's a good idea to prepare a questionnaire to get as much information as possible from the doctor instead of searching it on the Internet later.
5. Given today's circumstances, such as: For example, in pursuit of environmental friendliness, it's a good idea to bring a cloth diaper to your appointment, but if you don't bring a diaper, you'll always be given a disposable diaper.

– Do I need to bring the results of previous instrumental and laboratory tests?

– It is advisable to have an outpatient book with the results of examinations carried out in the first year of life, that is, an ultrasound examination of the hip joints and, if available, an X-ray examination of the hip joints if the child was previously examined by another specialist. In addition, the prevention of hypovitaminosis D (rickets) is becoming increasingly popular, and when the child's 25-OH provitamin D level is determined, the results of this laboratory test should also be brought.

Follow-up visits with an orthopedist/traumatologist at 3 months and 12 months are included in the list of preventive examinations for infants.

– There is an interval of 9 months between the first and second examinations. How can you not miss a problem over such a long period of time? What changes in irregular gait or joint function can parents notice?

The most common problems of the musculoskeletal system and movement disorders in children in the first year of life.

• Flat feet in newborns.
• Twisting - the child's head is tilted to one side.
• Spinal curvature/strain – the child sits crooked.
• Gait disorder - the child walks on tiptoes.
• Valgus deformity - the child's heels are turned outwards.
• Varus foot deformity – the toes look firmly inward.
• Fallen arches - the feet are directed inwards or rounded in a 'circular' shape.
• Late start to walking independently.

When to See an Orthopedic Surgeon for Pediatric Trauma:

• At least one of the joints has changed in volume, the skin color around the joint has changed, the joint surface feels hot.
• The child tries to tell the parents that something hurts him: he wakes up at night and cries for a long time because he feels painfully uncomfortable.
• The amount of movement in the joints of the limbs has changed (the child cannot fully extend an arm or leg, does not allow the painful area to be touched, hides and protects it).

In addition, childhood is characterized by a variety of injuries, with bruises and head injuries being common. If the child runs and falls, gets up and continues to move, it is not necessary to see a doctor. However, you should observe whether the limb is swollen or has changed color - there is no bleaching, redness or even blackening of the skin. In the event of a blow to the head, pay attention to how quickly the child calms down, whether he has any appetite disturbances - refusal to eat or drink, bleeding at the site of the blow, unusually clear, watery nasal discharge, vomiting, loss of consciousness, increased body temperature. If you experience these symptoms, call emergency services immediately and be evaluated for a head injury.

If you're worried that your child's feet are too flat, you can do a test at home. Ask your child to stand on their toes and see how the arch of the foot behaves. If a depression appears, everything is fine: your child has age-related mobile flatfoot, which in 90 percent of cases disappears with age.

Which doctor should you go to first?

Faced with painful flare-ups and fear for their health, people are not always ready to take the right measures. Decisions are often made hastily or under the pressure of one's own feelings.

When wondering which doctor to go to, where to go, who to make an appointment with for back or spine pain, you should not immediately choose a clinic and a referral based on your own beliefs.

The spine is one of the 'universal' parts of the human body that is treated by completely different and sometimes not obvious specialists, since complaints in the spine area are easily confused with diseases of other organs. The close interconnection of the anatomical formations in the chest and abdominal cavity creates special conditions for the development of pain symptoms. The cause can lie in the most unexpected structures of the body[3].

There are observations that even impaired foot function leads to a real misalignment of the spine. When deciding which doctor to see for back pain and spinal problems, it is advisable to first have a general examination. It is best to see your GP if it is a condition that does not require urgent intervention. HOUSE DOCTOR. They will order appropriate examinations or tests, determine the cause of the problem and, if necessary, refer you to a specialist to clarify the diagnosis. There is no point in neglecting a visit to the family doctor, because more than half of cases can be resolved at this stage, so long and tedious visits to the doctor can be avoided in the future.

It is common knowledge that the same problems are often treated by different specialists using different techniques. Therefore, in the case of back or spinal pain[4], the therapist who has the knowledge and skills to help you in your individual case will decide which doctor you need and with whom you should make an appointment at the health center.

Who will treat my back?

Statistically speaking, feelings of heaviness, stiffness or pain in this region are most often caused by overuse, injury or systemic illness. Depending on the type, location and nature of the pathology, the clinic will refer you to different specialists. If you ask the question 'What is the name of the doctor who treats back and spine pain?' you have to be prepared to hear several names.

Many of the specialties we discuss below overlap and can even be used interchangeably, as doctors from different specialties often treat the same condition but in different ways.

neurologist

In the past, doctors in this field were also referred to as neurologists. They specialize in the human nervous system and will be able to choose exactly the right treatment or, if necessary, refer you to another specialist. Neurologists examine the processes caused by changes in the brain and spinal cord, in the nerve roots, nerve plexuses and individual nerves in the arms, legs, face and body.

That is why, answering patients' questions, therapists advise who treats spinal diseases in adults, which doctor helps with back pain, diseases and problems in this area that often arise with age, to go to a neurologist.

It is worth going to him if you notice symptoms directly related to the neck, chest area, lower back or in isolated areas:

1. Migraine.
2. Dizziness without a serious cause.
3. Impaired coordination of movements.
4. Sudden loss of consciousness, especially after a recent trauma.
5. Sudden muscle weakness.
6. Speech disorders.

vertebrology

If the condition is long-term, a neurologist can prevent the irritation from being transmitted to the brain or the area causing the discomfort from gradually growing. However, several examinations are required to make an accurate diagnosis.

Indications for visiting an orthopedist in children

• the hip is not properly aligned;
• her head is constantly tilted to one side;
• her gait seems ponderous;
• short periods of movement lead to fatigue;
• feet are not properly aligned when walking;
• They complain of pain in their legs, arms, neck and back.

Many parents do not know why they should take their child to a podiatrist if there are no obvious abnormalities in the development and function of the musculoskeletal system. However, the symptoms of some diseases may appear later. Even if the doctor did not find any abnormalities during a routine examination at 1 month of age. The most common problems include hip dysplasia, torticollis and clubfoot.

When you should see an orthopedist as an adult

You should make an appointment with your doctor if you have symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders such as:

• Pain in the legs, arms and spine when moving and at rest;
• stiffness in movement;
• bad posture;
• Muscle aches;
• Crunch in the joints;
• Numbness in the limbs.

Another reason to see a doctor is an injury (even if it doesn't seem serious). Only a specialist can rule out a sprain, twist, fracture or other problem.

If you have neck, back or limb pain and don't know who to go to (neurologist or orthopedist), see your family doctor 一 general practitioner. He or she will carry out an initial examination and refer you to a specialist.

• A child begins to have clubfoot between the ages of 1 and 5.
• At what age do girls' legs grow?.
• What does an orthopedist examine?.
• Why girls tiptoe.
• Toe movement in children.
• Tiptoe walking.
• Who is the orthopedist.
• How a child's feet grow at the age of one.