The muscles of the lower limbs are

As part of comprehensive treatment, the injured person is prescribed the following drugs:

muscle diseases

Muscular disorders are a large group of inflammatory and dystrophic disorders that share common symptoms such as pain in the affected area and impaired motor function. In addition to muscle damage, symptoms of vascular and nervous system damage often occur.

The International Classification of Diseases divides all muscle diseases into several large groups:

• infectious and parasitic myositis and dermatomyositis;
• Myositis, in which there is calcification and ossification of the inflamed part of the muscle. This group is characterized by the fact that the symptoms are the least pronounced in the initial period, and contractures and tissue deformations develop later;
• Muscular dystrophy and atrophy, in which there is a progressive reduction in muscle volume to a narrow, thin fiber condition;
• Chromosomal abnormalities causing symptoms of muscular dystrophy, muscle divergence and tendon weakness. These include Duchenne Disease, Air Sickness, Shai Mega Disease and many others;
• sarcoma, a malignant neoplasm of the muscle.

Overseas, muscle diseases are usually divided much more simply: into children and adults, and into hereditary and acquired. As a rule of thumb, if symptoms appear before age 15, they are inflammatory in nature, localized, and have some history of trauma or prior infectious disease.

Serious diseases that result from parents inheriting abnormal genes are more common in younger children. They usually occur with full involvement of the muscles of the back and lower limbs, jaw and neck, and the entire body. Treatment of muscular diseases in children abroad includes several stages during which diagnosis, pathogenetic therapy and rehabilitation are carried out.

Diagnosis of pathologies in Germany

Muscular diseases require a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis because the symptoms of many diseases are similar while the treatment is very different. In adults, diagnosis includes a number of procedures:

• Examination and palpation, conversation with the patient. These make it possible to determine the condition of the muscles and make a preliminary diagnosis;
• special research methods – computer and magnetic resonance imaging, which allow to determine the presence of ossified areas and parasites in muscle tissue;
• Blood tests - general, biochemical and, if necessary, antigen tests. In most myositis, blood creatinine and urea levels are elevated and white blood cell counts increase;
• if a sarcoma is suspected, tests for tumor markers are carried out.

Hereditary muscle disorders abroad are diagnosed in children through a comprehensive examination of the body muscles, DNA analysis and chromosome typing.

Characteristic symptoms of an injury

Any contusion of the leg is characterized by such symptoms as severe pain at the site of the injury. The pain can be so severe that the injured person becomes demented. It is caused by intense irritation of the periosteum of the tibia, which is located under the skin on the front of the limb.

The pain from a bruised lower leg may subside immediately after the injury and worsen after an average of three hours. This process occurs due to the swelling and enlargement of the skin.

Other symptoms, which are more or less pronounced depending on the severity of the impact, are:

• internal blood flow resulting from injury to small blood vessels;
• Changes in the function of the injured limb as a result of the formation of a hematoma;
• development of a nodule at the site of injury;
• swelling of the soft tissues of the leg;
• pain in the bones;
• swelling of the injured area, reddening of the skin;
• rupture of the tendon.

The swelling often goes down after a while. However, if this is not the case, then specialist help is needed to rule out a possible bone fracture.

A bruised lower leg initially turns red, after 5 days green and later yellow.

Such processes lead to narrowing of the tissues and nerves around the injured area. In addition to severe pain in the area of the bruised lower leg, pain in other parts of the body also occurs after 24 hours. In the area of the knee joint, there is a slow accumulation of infiltrates that can constrict muscles, nerves and tissue and prevent the injured person from moving. The blood does not resorb itself in this area and must be pumped out using special techniques.

First aid

In the case of a bruised lower leg, the injured person should be helped immediately before the doctors arrive. This reduces the risk of complications.

1. The patient is placed on a bed and the leg is elevated. A tight bandage with an elastic bandage is applied around the bruise, on which cold is applied. This can be ice from the freezer or frozen food wrapped in a cloth. When the cold comes into contact with the skin, the blood vessels constrict, the bleeding slows down, and the pain is dulled.
2. Cooling of the lower leg should be done at intervals to avoid frostbite. The compress is applied for 15 minutes.
3. It is acceptable to control pain during bruising with analgesics. Nonsteroidal analgesics such as Ketanov, Analgin or Nimid can be used.
4. If there is a graze on the lower leg, it should be disinfected with an antiseptic. Scratches of superficial origin are treated with alcohol-based solutions - greenish, iodine. For severe injuries, hydrogen peroxide and chlorhexidine are used.
5. Avoid putting weight on the leg in bed for 3 days and give it rest.
6. The injured limb should be fixed in a position above the pelvis. This is to restore normal blood flow.

If a fracture is suspected and the limb is severely swollen and painful, the fibula and tibia are splinted and the patient is taken to the hospital without changing position.

Important NOTE!!! Do not wrap the bruised shin on the first day after the injury. Such manipulation leads to swelling of the hematoma and aggravates the pain.

The use of warming lotions and rubs to dissolve the bruise is permissible no earlier than the third day. The bruise will also heal if an iodine mesh is placed on the injured lower extremity.

oncology

It is known that cancerous lesions can occur not only in internal organs or soft tissues, but also in the bones. Bone tumors are most common near the knee joint, e.g. B. on the lower leg. It is important to note that these are primary cancers, ie cases where the cancer cells originate in the bone first and are not the result of cancer metastasizing from the soft tissues. There are three main types of cancer that can affect the ankle:

• osteosarcoma. This pathology is the most common, and adolescents who are in a period of active growth and physical development are particularly at risk. Osteosarcoma starts from new, developing bone tissue.
• chondrosarcoma. This pathology usually originates from the articular cartilage and affects people between the ages of 40 and 60.
• Ewing sarcoma. This disease usually affects young children. It is characterized by small neoplastic lesions in the child's bone marrow. If this pathology is detected at an early stage, it is quite treatable.

In purulent surgery

Purulent diseases can also affect the bones of the lower limbs. The most common of these is bone inflammation. It can affect any part of the bone: the bone marrow, the periosteum, and the bone itself.

Bursitis can be acute, ie occurring for the first time, or chronic. In both cases, X-rays of the tibia help to identify the exact focus of the disease and to assess its size and the extent of bone damage. X-rays are also required if surgery on the lower leg is planned to remove the osteitis.

First aid

When an adult gets a bad leg cramp at night, pull the big toe up, then release it for a few seconds and repeat the movement if the leg cramp persists. Walking barefoot on thick carpeting or cold tile can help relieve the spasm.

The spasm can also be relieved by gently massaging the calf, the arch of the foot and smearing the foot with warming, pain-relieving ointments (Finagel, Diclofenac).

To relieve the spasm, the calf muscle can be pinched or lightly pricked with a needle, and cold and warm water can be used alternately. Once the spasm has subsided, place a roller under your knees and maintain this position to normalize circulation.

Stretch

To release tension and relax muscles, sit, grasp your midfoot and firmly pull your toes up and toward you. The stretch involves supporting yourself in some form: leaning your toes against a wall, lifting your heels off the floor, and standing in the squat position for 20 seconds. With this method, hypertension, shooting pains and twitching of small muscle groups can be quickly eliminated.

compression

For calf cramps, massage the calves and press firmly on the most prominent point, the knot that occurs during a cramp, hold the finger for 10-20 seconds and then release. The manipulation can be repeated several times until relief occurs.

Also read: Therapy for inflammation of the sciatic nerve

Knead

If the above methods don't help, or if the seizure recurs, a calf or foot massage may help. Massage the lower legs from the hollow of the knee down with your thumbs. Work the soles of your feet with your knuckles and finish with gentle stroking and patting movements.

prevention

Patients should follow the principles of prevention of leg cramps. It is advisable to do stretching exercises, walk barefoot on sand or grass, use special orthopedic mats for massaging the feet.

When doing sports, avoid putting too much strain on the calf muscles and other limbs. The trainer should choose the most appropriate exercises for you. People with a sedentary lifestyle should exercise regularly; Biking, walking before bed, and contrast showers for the legs are very helpful.

It's important to eat right every day, break unhealthy habits, and stay hydrated. A balanced diet should be maintained, and if important minerals cannot be obtained through food, dietary supplements or multivitamin complexes should be taken.

Medical therapy

If underlying systemic diseases are present, symptoms should be treated promptly, complications avoided, and prescribed medications and medical advice followed. Once the root cause of the pathological process is eliminated, the seizures subside. In the idiopathic form of the disease, spontaneous remissions are not uncommon.

Pharmacological treatment includes taking trace elements, vitamin E, calcium channel blockers, anticonvulsants, antiepileptic drugs, blood thinners and venotonics. Panangin, Magnesium-B-₆, Asparkam, Ca-D3-Nicomed are prescribed to normalize water and salt metabolism. The doctor must prescribe medication depending on the cause of the calf muscle spasm, and it is not advisable to take pills alone.

Treatment with folk remedies

Alternative therapies can help normalize metabolism and relieve night cramps.

• Muscles and fascia of the lower limbs.
• Shortening of the lower limbs.
• Anatomy of the ligaments of the lower limbs.
• Manufacture of lower limb prostheses.
• Ligament strain of the lower limbs.
• Structure of the human lower limbs with captions.
• Shin extensor muscles (tibialis extensor muscles).
• Main joints of the lower limbs table.