The leg of a healthy person

The skeleton is the strongest part of the musculoskeletal system. It protects the internal organs from external influences. From birth, the human body consists of 270 bones. With age, some of them (in the skull, pelvis and spine) fuse, and the number decreases to 205-207.

Determining the cause of subfebrile fever

A fever of 36.6 degrees is not a constant temperature in a healthy person and will fluctuate slightly when observed throughout the day. The lowest value, around 36 degrees, is measured at bedtime. If a person is hot after physical activity, the temperature may rise slightly.

Body temperature is affected by heat, humidity and clothing that is too warm. In women, there may be a slight increase in temperature (half a degree) on certain days of the menstrual cycle. However, this is a one-time increase. A fever between 37.2 and 37.9 for more than a month can be a cause for concern - this is a subfebrile fever.

If subfebrile fever lasts longer than two weeks and is accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, poor sleep, and shortness of breath, don't delay seeing your GP. Subfebrile fever is often a sign of an abnormal body function when other symptoms have not yet appeared.

Causes of subfebrile fever

There are diseases that cause a slight increase in temperature over a long period of time.

• Chronic infections (tuberculosis, chronic nasopharyngitis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, prostatitis, appendicitis, bacterial endocarditis, chlamydia, syphilis, HIV infection).
• inflammatory process
• oncology
• Autoimmune diseases (rheumatism, nonspecific ulcerative colitis, drug allergy, arthritis, post-inflammatory syndrome)
• parasites
• Endocrine abnormalities (thyrotoxicosis, acute menopause)
• Thermoneurosis (autonomic dysfunction affecting heat exchange)

If the cause of the fever is an infection, then it is characteristic:

However, there are also causes when there is a subfebrile temperature in a healthy person:

• overheating
• stress
• taking certain medications
• hereditary factor when a child is born and lives with fever
• Activation of the hypothalamus
• during pregnancy
• before menstruation.

Such a fever is not affected by antipyretics, is well tolerated and does not have pronounced daily fluctuations.

Examination and clarification of subfebrile fever.

You should always consult your GP first. He will refer you for an initial examination and then, as soon as the results are available, he will recommend an appointment with a specialist: endocrinologist, cardiologist, gynecologist, otolaryngologist, infectious disease specialist.

Causes and treatment of lower limb edema

Fluid retention can be caused by a serious illness. Therefore, this body signal should not be underestimated. Depending on the cause of the swelling in the lower limbs, there are several methods of eliminating the problem. Swelling that lasts for a long time and brings a lot of inconvenience can indicate the following diseases

• Diabetes;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• thyroid disease;
• liver cirrhosis;
• venous thrombosis;
• kidney and urinary tract problems;
• varicose veins.

It is also worth noting swelling, which is not very harmful to health. The cause of such swelling can be:

• Excessive consumption of salty and spicy foods;
• hot weather;
• Wearing uncomfortable footwear and high-heeled shoes;
• drinking large amounts of water;
• High blood pressure.

Diagnosis of lymphedema

Treating the problem begins with determining the cause. The patient may need the advice of various medical specialists. First and foremost, a general practitioner should be consulted. After examining, taking a medical history, and noting any additional symptoms, the doctor will recommend the following tests to confirm their diagnosis:

Basic methods of diagnosing lower limb edema

diagnostic technique	Time
Doppler Ultrasound	30 minutes.
Computed tomography of the lower limbs	15 minutes.
MRI scan of the lower limbs	20 minutes
ECG	30 minutes
blood test	10 mins

The cost of these tests ranges from 1,500 to 15,000 rubles in the capital. Once the test results are in, the doctor can prescribe an effective treatment. Both medication and physical therapy are prescribed to the patient.

The most difficult to treat are those cases where lymphedema of the lower limbs has been diagnosed. If the problem is not treated quickly, it can develop into a serious condition.

Even before you visit the doctor, you can assess your condition yourself with a self-diagnosis system that suggests the cause of your symptoms. Your doctor will need to confirm this at your visit.

Physiology/Haemodynamics

Normally, oxygen-rich blood leaves the left side of the heart through very large arteries. These then branch into smaller arteries and finally into arterioles and capillaries, which penetrate all the organs and tissues of the human body. These are only visible under a microscope. The capillary bed connects the smallest arteries (arterioles) with the smallest veins (venules). Capillaries are very small vessels with very thin walls, allowing oxygen and nutrients to flow easily from the blood to body tissues. The tissues, in turn, release carbon dioxide and various waste products into the blood, which flows back to the heart through the veins (Figure 1).

Blood from the heart flows to the major arteries (shown in red) and then to the smaller arteries and arterioles in the upper and lower limbs and other human organs and systems. The blood then enters a network of small vessels called capillaries, which permeate all human tissues and organs. The blood gives off oxygen and various nutrients, and then returns to the heart through the veins (highlighted in blue).

The venous system of the lower limbs consists of superficial and deep veins. The deep veins are the large vessels through which most blood flows due to muscle work. The superficial veins are smaller vessels that collect blood from the skin and subcutaneous tissue and transport it back to the heart through the work of the venous valves. The superficial and deep veins communicate with each other via connecting veins or perforating veins, which also have valves. By the work of the valves, the blood is carried upwards from the superficial veins, and from the superficial veins into the deep veins; this unidirectional movement is key to the proper functioning of the veins.

Blood flow through the vessels is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems, as well as by local vasoactive substances produced in the tissues. This complex regulation makes it possible to increase or decrease blood flow depending on the needs of the body, e.g. B. to increase blood flow in the muscles during exercise and decrease it at rest. Body temperature is regulated by changing the tension of the skin vessels. When it's cold, blood vessels in the skin constrict and blood moves closer to the center of the body, a mechanism by which the body retains heat. Conversely, when it is hot, the skin vessels dilate and the body gives off more heat. Various injuries and trauma trigger processes that can increase or decrease blood flow, such as: B. in the area of a skin burn or a sprain.

Conclusion

Thanks to the work of the heart, blood flows through special vessels called arteries to all human organs and tissues. The arterial blood, saturated with oxygen and nutrients, then enters the capillaries, very small vessels where gas exchange takes place. The body's cells take in oxygen from the blood and give off carbon dioxide. The nutrients also get into the tissue. The blood then flows from the capillaries into very small veins, which combine to form larger venous vessels and transport the blood back to the heart. In order for blood to defy gravity and move upward, the muscle vein pump and venous valves must function properly, the veins must remain permeable, and the veins must not be overly dilated. If one or more of the above conditions are not met, there is swelling and subsequent trophic skin disorders, the skin becomes dark (hyperpigmentation), thinning, and sensitivity in this area decreases. Minor trauma to the skin in this area can result in a long-term non-healing wound - a trophic ulcer.

Swelling can be caused by various diseases associated with increased pressure in the veins. Some lung and heart diseases lead to circulatory congestion and peripheral edema. Swelling in the legs can also be caused by problems with the veins themselves - in varicose veins, the vein valves don't work properly and blood flows in the opposite direction (venous reflux). Other causes can be liver and lung diseases, medication, electrolyte and water disorders, dysfunction of the muscle-vein pump as a result of trauma or a stroke. To establish the true cause of the swelling, it is necessary to consult a doctor and have laboratory tests and duplex ultrasound examination of the veins performed.

'No' to bad habits

Men's health rules prohibit smoking cigarettes. Nicotine has a spasmodic effect on blood vessels and decreases blood flow to the penis. Regular consumption of alcoholic beverages negatively affects potency; large amounts of beer not only increase weight, but also decrease libido.

Male well-being is influenced by the amount of testosterone. A healthy lifestyle and the right weight ensure sufficient production of the male hormone.

Regular sexual activity also has an effect. The frequency of intimate intercourse is individual for each man; on average, doctors recommend having sex two to three times a week. Sexual intercourse is congestion prophylaxis and good cardiovascular training.

When answering the question of what is good for men's health, it is important to pay attention to hygiene during sex. A steady partner and a long-term relationship promote health and safety. A promiscuous sex life always carries a high risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases.

According to medical data, % is in 80 cases infertility caused by untreated sexually transmitted infections. Many of these infections are asymptomatic and over time trigger an inflammatory process in the urogenital system, impotence. If a man has several sexual partners, he should visit a specialist doctor once a year and undergo the following examinations:

Preventive medical examinations

Regular visits to an andrologist or urologist are another way to keep men healthy. Inflammatory processes in the prostate are diagnosed as early as 25-30 years of age. The early detection of anomalies makes it possible to prevent their development.

Preventive examinations include:

• Testicular examination (in the case of pronounced testicular asymmetry, palpation of foreign inclusions in the scrotum or deformation of the scrotum)
• Testing for sexually transmitted infections (urgent help if you experience any unusual discharge from the penis or pain during intercourse or getting an erection);
• blood test for PSA (a marker of prostate cancer);
• Prostate ultrasound (enables the diagnosis of e.g. prostatitis, adenomaThe issue of male reproductive health is one of prevention).

When it comes to the question of how men's reproductive health can be maintained, medicine places the focus on preventive medical check-ups. These become all the more important the older a man is. The natural amount of testosterone decreases with age, necessitating annual check-ups.

We at Dr. AkNers know how to take care of man's health in the long term. Some of the best specialists in the capital work in the clinic, ready to offer comprehensive advice on all issues related to privacy. Our clinic has specialists from various disciplines: urologists, andrologists, reproductive medicine specialists and venereologists. Whatever the problem, an experienced specialist will come to you.

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What to do if your feet are swollen and painful?

Simple solutions what to do when your feet are severely swollen:

1. Place a pouf or other chair under your feet. This allows venous blood to flow freely and you feel good.
2. With your own hands, perform gentle compressive movements on the calf muscles (lower legs). This causes passive muscle contraction and improves venous blood flow.
3. Get up and walk around occasionally. If possible, it is better to go outside and take a walk. If that's not possible, you can also do a few laps in the hallway or on the toilet.
4. The best solution is to use compression stockings. The phlebologist will select the appropriate compression class.

Did you know that even a healthy person should wear compression stockings? This is the case when you have to endure a long journey, flight, hike or drive. Compression stockings can also be chosen for work in the office and when driving.

Severe leg swelling: prevention

Take preventive measures if you suffer from severe leg swelling, suspect varicose veins or are concerned about your veins. Here are some recommendations that you can easily follow:

• alternating baths or showers. Do foot baths or vary the water temperature in the shower. The transitions should be smooth, not abrupt, like e.g. B. Jumping from the bathtub into an ice-cold break.
• foot massage. With varicose veins, a foot massage is possible, but a classic one, without heavy physical stress, but with light and relaxing movements.
• Rest with your legs up. For example, when lying on the sofa, place your heels on the armrest or backrest of the sofa. Lie down for 10-15 minutes or until you feel the swelling in your legs has gone down.
• Sports. You can go for long walks, bike rides without much effort, Pilates or yoga without weights. Gentle stretching exercises are helpful.
• Shoes with a heel of up to 4 cm. Required for women and men. It is not uncommon for men's shoe manufacturers to produce shoes or boots with a heel of 2-4 cm. A flat heel relaxes muscles in the lower legs and spine, causing veins and posture to suffer.
• Drink up to 2.5 liters of water per day. This daily dose of water will keep you from dehydration and blood clots, which in turn will help prevent blood clots from forming.

You only need to visit a phlebologist every six months to check if your veins are fine.

The 4 most important vitamins for the joints

1. Vitamin F – is found in herring, vegetable salads with vegetable oil. Has an anti-inflammatory effect.
2. Vitamin C – improves joint and ligament nutrition. Found in tomatoes, citrus fruits, cabbage and blackcurrants.
3. Vitamin E – inhibits enzyme damage to cartilage tissue. Found in broccoli, carrots, parsley, celery, beetroot, rose hips.
4. Vitamin D – prevents the leaching of calcium from the bones.

Joints don't like coffee, chocolate, or fizzy drinks

To maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system, you need a holistic approach. Correcting the diet is not enough: you need adequate exercise, consistent muscle training and sufficient oxygen. While not moving reduces the chance of injury, your joints, bones, and muscles don't get enough nutrients to remind you of yourself. Keep moving, stay positive and stay healthy!

Scientists have found out how many steps are good for your health

10,000 steps as a daily walking goal is recommended by many experts. However, the evidence base for this step count is very limited. Also, most of us wonder how important walking intensity is for health.

A US team of researchers investigated the relationship between the number of steps taken per day and the intensity of walking and mortality.

The results.

• The average age of the women included in the analysis was 72 years. The average number of steps taken was 5,499. During the 4.3-year follow-up period, 504 women died.
• The average number of steps per day by quartile was 2718 (lowest), 4363, 5905 and 8442 (highest).
• The hazard ratio for mortality adjusted for the most important factors was 1 (reference group) for 2718 steps, 0.59 (95% CI, 0.47-0.75) for 41% risk reduction for 4363 steps, 0.54 (95% CI, 0 .41-0.72) for 46% risk reduction for 5905 steps and 0.42 (95% CI, 0.30-0.60) for 58% risk reduction for 8442 steps (P< 0.01).
• The risk of all-cause mortality decreased incrementally by 15 % for every additional 1,000 steps per day. It should be noted that this benefit evens out at around 7500 steps per day.
• As for walking intensity, the analysis, adjusted for the number of steps taken per day, found that intensity had almost no impact on risk of death.

In older women, walking about 4,400 steps per day is associated with lower all-cause mortality than walking 2,700 steps per day. The more steps taken per day, the lower the mortality rate - a rule of thumb says that 7,500 steps per day is enough.

Source.: I-Min Lee, Eric J. Shiroma, Masamitsu Kamada, et al. JAMA Intern Med. Published online May 29, 2019.

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healthy teeth

It is important to take care of your teeth. A visit to the dentist as a preventive measure is necessary for everyone twice a year. The condition of the teeth is not only affected by the environment, but also by food, water and eating hard or heavy foods. Cigarettes and coffee cause teeth to become unpleasantly yellow. Problems with internal organs can also lead to damage due to the spread of germs in the mouth.

Daily hygiene routines and routine dental check-ups can help keep your teeth healthy for years to come. Remember to brush morning and night, and don't forget to rinse your tongue and throat.

Not overweight or extremely thin

Being morbidly thin or morbidly obese is not a healthy body. There should be no extremes. A healthy diet should not only be tasty, but also right. The advice of gastroenterologists and nutritionists should not be ignored. Only contact the best experts in these fields. Don't entrust your body to any specialist.

Nutritionist, co-founder of the Nutritiology Pro-Health Integrative Academy

A healthy person is a happy person. That's why it's so important to take care of your health and diet. We have put together a selection of useful resources, documents and checklists for you, all of which have proven to be effective.

And yes, they are all free! We really want to help you improve your health and become happier by correcting your diet:

Nutritionist, co-founder of the Pro-Health Integrative Nutrition Academy

38 stores where you can buy everything you need for your health

Which will help you regenerate your digestive system and feel better

A detailed breakdown of rational nutrition in terms of proteins, fats and carbohydrates

Detailed recipes to quickly regenerate the skin and maintain a youthful appearance

• A healthy body is metabolically flexibleEnergy is obtained by the body not only from carbohydrate-rich foods, but also from fat reserves and physical activity. Such people do not have bad eating habits: cravings for sweets, flour, salt and smoked meats. Healthy and responsible people have no cravings for alcohol, smoking or caffeine. Two or three meals a day is the norm for healthy and physically fit people.
• A healthy person is not constantly tired, not sleepy, and always has the energy to exercise.. You are a person with a light character. Such a person is always ready for sex, because his hormone levels are normal and his energy level is sufficient. Thanks to the optimal functioning of the thyroid and mitochondria, a healthy body inevitably has a healthy mind.
• A healthy body is not prone to mood swingsHe is upbeat and not angry, tearful and irritable. Behind the motivating urge to move is the good functioning of the intestine and the absence of deficiency symptoms. The harmony of all organs and processes provides an energy boost, an uplifted mood and general well-being.
• A healthy person has no digestive problems, constipation or diarrhea, heartburn, bloating or belching. Sensitive internal organs will never cause allergic reactions or aversion to certain foods. Food is taken in, digested and excreted according to plan because both the liver and pancreas are working normally in all respects and the acid-base balance is correct. The gut contributes to the normal daily elimination of waste products by being populated with the right microorganisms.
• A healthy person is always awake and energetic after sleep.. He is full of energy because the detoxification system is working well.

One should react to fever without panic, but with extreme caution. It is not advisable to fight the fever in the first few minutes after the fever appears, but to let the body deal with it on its own. During this time, the body's own defenses are mobilized and the pathogens of various diseases are killed. However, don't aim for 36.6 by lowering the temperature. In the first days of the disease, this is almost impossible to achieve.

Rubbing, especially with vinegar or alcohol solutions, is not recommended. However, this practice is still practiced at home.

If a patient with fever is pale and his limbs feel cold (so-called white hyperthermia), any rubbing is contraindicated, and antispasmodics are recommended in addition to antipyretic drugs. Cold extremities are caused by vasospasm. In this case, cold rubbing with vinegar or alcoholic liquids can only aggravate the vascular situation.

Rubbing with vinegar is not indicated for adults and children with breathing difficulties or chronic respiratory diseases. The fumes can aggravate the patient's condition and affect breathing. An intolerance to vinegar or alcohol, as well as injuries or irritations of the skin are also contraindications to the rub.

If you have a fever, you should not eat saturated and fatty foods or sugar. Elevated levels of glucose in the body decrease the number of white blood cells, which are responsible for destroying infected cells. This can interfere with the process of fighting bacteria and viruses. And fatty foods put an additional burden on digestion, so the body spends part of its energy on this process, instead of fighting the enemy.

low body temperature

Like a high fever, a low body temperature is also a sign of trouble. Especially if it lasts for a long time. It leads to rapid fatigue, mood swings, weakness, etc.

Causes of low body temperature

• With low hemoglobin level;
• With internal bleeding;
• During pregnancy;
• For vascular problems;
• in diabetes;
• With pathology of the adrenal glands;
• For brain tumors;
• during asthenic syndrome;
• with skin injuries;
• in seasonal acute respiratory infections;
• in cases of poisoning
• as a result of hypothermia;
• hypothermia.

Symptoms of low body temperature

How to raise the temperature in an adult to a normal level?

Since a low temperature starts from 35.8 °C, it is advisable to rest and sleep well first. A nutritious meal can help. If that doesn't help, you might want to see a doctor.

Read more:

• The foot of a healthy person.
• Photo of a teenager's leg.
• Are human legs the same?.
• Where amputated limbs go.
• Leg Discomfort – Which Doctor Should I See?.
• Feeling that one leg is longer than the other.
• How do you know which leg is pushing?.
• incision on the leg.