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Table of contents

Pantogam® (Pantogam).
pharmacokinetics
self-employment and job search
questions and answers
diagnosis of tracheitis
treatment of tracheitis

Pantogam® (Pantogam).

A colorless or slightly yellowish liquid with a characteristic odor.

Pantogam has a spectrum of effects due to the presence of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in its structure. The mechanism of action is based on the direct action of Pantogam on GABA_B – Receptor-channel complex. The drug has nootropic and anticonvulsant effects. Pantogam increases the brain's resistance to hypoxia and toxicity, stimulates anabolic processes in the neurons, combines a slightly sedative effect with a slightly stimulating effect, reduces motor excitability, activates mental and physical performance. Improves GABA metabolism in chronic alcohol intoxication and after ethanol withdrawal. Can inhibit acetylation reactions involved in the inactivation mechanisms of novocaine and sulfonamides, thereby prolonging the action of the latter. Causes inhibition of pathologically increased bladder reflex and detrusor tension.

pharmacokinetics

Pantogam is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the highest concentrations are in the liver, kidneys, stomach wall and skin. The drug is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged within 48 hours: 67.5 % of the administered dose is excreted via the kidneys, 28.5 % is excreted in the faeces.

Perinatal encephalopathy in children in the first days of life;

Different forms of cerebral palsy in children;

Mental retardation of varying degrees of severity, including behavioral disorders;

Psychiatric disorders in children in the form of general mental retardation, specific disorders of speech, motor skills and their combination, the development of school skills (including reading, writing and arithmetic);

Hyperkinetic disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;

neurosis-like states (with stuttering, mainly clonic, tics, inorganic encopresis and enuresis);

reduced mnestic-intellectual performance due to atherosclerotic lesions in the cerebral vessels, first forms of senile dementia, organic brain lesions of traumatic, toxic, neuroinfectious genesis;

schizophrenia with organic brain disorder (in combination with psychotropic drugs);

extrapyramidal disorders in organic brain diseases (including myoclonus - epilepsy, Huntington's disease, liver degeneration, Parkinson's disease) and in the treatment and prevention of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndrome;

epilepsy with mental impairment and cognitive decline, together with anticonvulsants;

mental-emotional overload, reduced mental and physical performance, to improve concentration and memory.

Neurogenic urinary tract diseases (pollakiuria, urinary urgency, urinary incontinence).

self-employment and job search

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questions and answers

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diagnosis of tracheitis

In addition to the standard medical history, physical examination, respiratory function assessment, initial pharyngeal examination, and auscultation with a phonendoscope, there are laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods and additional tests that can help the physician make a diagnosis of tracheitis 4 . Based on the diagnosis, the causes of tracheitis and their treatment are determined.

General and biochemical blood tests. The simplest test to distinguish between viral and bacterial infection (C-reactive protein and other indicators)
X-ray examination or x-ray. The most popular and easiest way to examine the chest. The picture can be taken in the front or side projection. The lungs and trachea are clearly visible in the picture. An x-ray makes it much easier to identify the symptoms of tracheitis and distinguish them from bronchitis or pneumonia.
Taking and examining swabs. A standard procedure in which the doctor takes a swab from the mouth with a sterile swab. The material is then taken to the laboratory, where all the necessary tests to identify the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibiotics are carried out.
laryngotracheoscopy. This is where the endoscope comes in. This research is the most revealing. A special tube with a camera is inserted into the larynx and trachea, which allows the doctor to visually identify characteristic features, swelling, redness, etc. and the possible causes of the disease (in the case of specific changes in the organ in the case of viral infection). If the examination also includes the bronchi, the procedure is called a tracheobronchoscopy.
Collection of sputum for analysis. In this case, the victim's sputum is collected and sent for bacteriological (microbiological) examination. This procedure is used for a more comprehensive diagnosis of chronic cough in order to exclude other bacterial diseases (tuberculosis).
pharyngoscopy. The standard method is for the doctor to examine the throat with a spatula. This initially diagnoses pharyngitis, which gives an indication of possible tracheitis.
nasal reflection. This procedure is an examination of the nasal cavity. An optical instrument called a rhinoscope is used. The rhinitis is diagnosed as a result of respiratory infection, suggesting that tracheitis may have developed.
X-ray examination of the paranasal sinuses. X-rays to check for the presence of maxillary sinusitis or sinusitis if suspected. The progression of the disease can also indicate the development of inflammation in the trachea.
allergy testing. Rarely, tracheitis is caused by an allergic reaction. Allergy tests can be used to determine which allergens the body reacts to. Various substances are applied to the skin. If there is a reaction in the form of redness, itching or swelling, the allergen has been identified.

treatment of tracheitis

Adult tracheitis requires comprehensive treatment. Doctors know very well how to treat tracheitis, whether it is acute or chronic. They are able to give general advice, choose a diagnostic method and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Treatment is fundamental, and general recommendations include:

Ensuring a regime of high humidity and temperature (cool air);
A mechanical-chemical diet that avoids spicy, hot, greasy, and fried foods;
Drinking plenty of water at room temperature is a must;
avoidance of severe hypothermia;
Reducing voice strain, especially if your main activity is related to the voice.

With chronic tracheitis, these recommendations should be followed constantly, not only with exacerbations of the disease. The treatment of tracheitis must be carried out responsibly, otherwise it is not easy to get rid of the chronic form, even with medication 1 .

Doctors know how to treat tracheitis quickly and can prescribe the following medications 3 :

Expectorant (expectorant) or antitussive drugs, depending on the type of cough;
antihistamines (medicines for allergies);
antipyretics, if necessary;
antiviral drugs;
immune stimulating drugs;
Antibiotics for severe complications (when bacterial infection is detected).

Topical therapy includes inhalation, including nebulization therapy, and the use of various aerosols.

In most cases, acute tracheobronchitis can be cured quickly within 2 to 3 weeks 4 . If the disease persists, it can become chronic. Complications such as pneumonia or bronchitis can develop. Treatment of chronic tracheitis is a long-term process and in most cases depends on the strength of the sufferer's immune system.