The muscular corset on the limb is formed by superficial and deep muscle lamellae. The former form the sheath for the triceps muscle, while the latter serve to separate the triceps muscle from the flexors located in the deep layers of the back of the tibia. This area is separated by the bone and the intercondylar septum and is enclosed posteriorly by the deep layer of tibial fascia. Above this runs the calf muscle with its two heads and muscles (cambial and non-transversal). Your tendons are involved in the formation of a single (Achilles) tendon that attaches to the calcaneus. They are separated from each other by a synovial capsule.
Topographic anatomy of the feet
The feet are a part of the body that is a complex combination of nerves, muscles and bones covered by a covering called the skin. Their normal and pathological localization (as a result of various types of trauma) is a specialty of medicine, the successful study of which has received much attention.
The literal translation of the Greek term is 'description of the area'. The word began to be used in medical terminology in the early 19th century. It denotes a field of knowledge that deals with the correct arrangement of the internal organs and parts of the human body, their interrelationships and their interaction with each other.
Knowledge of the structure of the limbs, all stages of destructive processes in the musculoskeletal system and functional disorders of the nervous system makes it possible to determine the nature and extent of injuries, quickly respond with an accurate and reliable diagnosis, and develop further treatment tactics. This information is of great importance in surgery.
Difference between conventional and topographical anatomy
- A special approach to describing the structure of the organism: the relationships between the organs and their connections among themselves are taken into account, and the information about each organ is organized and combined into a unified knowledge system;
- Determining the extent of the destructive processes when the anatomically normal arrangement of tissues and organs is disturbed.
In this way, weak points can be identified and a clear understanding of how the various structures should be arranged and function can be developed.
pelvic bones
The pelvic girdle or pelvis is a strong bony ring located in the lower part of the human trunk skeleton. It consists of almost immobile and interconnected bones - the unpaired sacrum and two large, flat bones - the right and left pelvic bones. The sacrum is sandwiched between the pelvic bones and connected to a small bone - the coccyx, the rudimentary remnant of the caudal skeleton.
In children up to the age of 16, each pelvic bone consists of three individual bones: the hip bone, the ischium and the pubic bone, which are connected by layers of cartilage. After the age of 16 they merge with each other. There is a deep cavity called the acetabulum. The head of the femur enters them and forms the hip joint.
Structure of the ischium
The ischium has a strong ischial tuberosity on which the human body rests when sitting. When standing, the ischial bone is covered by a thick layer of gluteus muscle and fatty tissue.
Structure of the pubic bone
The pubic bone has 2 branches that are connected at an angle. These branches, together with a branch of the ischium, close a large retention hole in the pelvic bone, which is closed by a dense membrane. The pubic bones on the right and left sides are connected by cartilage to form the pubic symphysis, one of the joints of the pelvic rim. The elevation of the skin over the pubic symphysis area is called the pubic crease.
The pubic symphysis is particularly important for the female body. At the time of birth, the layer of cartilage between the pubic bones has softened, and the gap in it allows the bones to pull apart, thereby slightly widening the birth canal.
Structure of the hip bone
The hip bone consists of a shaft and a thin wing that extends upward and ends in a long bar. This ridge is the starting point for the large abdominal muscles. The iliac fossa forms a depression on the inside of the wing. In this fossa, on the right side, is the appendix with its appendix.
Large and small pool
A distinction is made between the large and the small basin. The interface between the two is the inner surface of the pelvic bones - from the joint between the last lumbar vertebra and the sacrum to the top of the pubic symphysis.
Large pool
The greater pelvis is the upper part of the pelvis formed by the spread wings of the hip bones. It forms the lower abdominal wall and supports the internal organs.
small pool
The small pelvis lies lower than the large pelvis and is bounded behind by the sacrum and the coccyx and in front and laterally by the ischium and the pubic bones. It has an entrance, an exit and a cavity. The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and internal genital organs (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, prostate, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens). The entrance to the small pelvis is open to the abdominal cavity and corresponds to the boundary line with the large pelvis. The exit of the small pelvis is open to the abdominal cavity and corresponds to the boundary line with the large pelvis. The exit of the small pelvis is closed by the muscles that make up the pelvic diaphragm, through which pass the urethra and rectum in men and the urethra, rectum and vagina in women. Viewed from the outside, this area of the body can be recognized as a perineum.
The pelvic organs differ from the abdominal organs in that they can change their volume
The pelvic organs differ from the abdominal organs in that they can and do change their volume.
The bladder and rectum fill and empty regularly, and the uterus enlarges and moves during pregnancy.
The uterus enlarges and shifts during pregnancy. This affects
other organs and the blood supply.
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Similarities and differences between vertebrate and human otogenesis
The similarity of the structure of man with that of other vertebrates during embryogenesis shows the fact of the uniformity of development of all living organisms on our planet.
This is already evident in the earliest stages of development (otogenesis) of vertebrate embryos:
- The spine is divided into three sections by a tendon - head, thorax and tail;
- on each side of the body, from the tip of the upper limbs to the level of the future neck, all have gills, up to a point;
- The heart initially has only two chambers;
- membranes between toes;
- several pairs of mammary glands.
Man's 'kinship' with the vertebrates is also indicated by some remaining structural similarities and the presence of some 90 vestigial organs and atavisms in Homo sapiens:
- tail – coccyx;
- wool - hair;
- Semilunar fold in the inner corner of the eye;
- muscles that move the auricle;
- the lower part of the spinal cord is filiform.
That humans evolved from primates is shown by the great similarities in organ and skeletal structure, and the existing differences in the latter are due to the erect stature, larger brain capacity, and consumption of cooked food.
Main differences between the human skeleton and that of primates:
- 4 physiological curvatures of the spine;
- long lower limbs and short upper limbs;
- flat chest;
- short and wide pelvis;
- large volume of the brain region in the skull;
- small canines.
HOW IS THE EXAMINATION PREPARED?
X-ray examination of the lower limbs does not require patient preparation. The procedure is minimally invasive and causes no discomfort.
The examination of the legs takes an average of 10-15 minutes. Depending on the area to be examined, the patient must lie, stand or sit during the examination. The specialist will also tell you if it is necessary to bend or straighten the limb. The laboratory technician will then carefully fix the limb. The patient does not have to move for a few seconds, then he waits for the recording and the description of the examination.
If necessary, the X-ray examination of the lower limbs can be performed with the foot bearing weight. In this way, the shape of the foot, which is characteristic of walking, can be assessed. Such x-rays show the foot in relation to pressure and allow for better visualization of flat feet.
INNOVATION
The modern technology in our hospital makes it possible.
- X-rays can be taken of the whole limb or locally (bones, joints, spine),
- Conduct standing functional tests – full-length lower limb x-rays under weight bearing.
These examinations are often required in the planning of orthopedic operations, in the assessment of axial curvature in traumatology, orthopedics and neurology. - The recorded images are immediately transferred to a server, where they are available to the attending physicians. At the patient's request, the results can be stored digitally, printed on film and presented to physicians anywhere in the world.
- If necessary, a second opinion on the detected pathology can be obtained.
The application can be made by selecting the department in your city
Read more:- The intercondylar syndesmosis is the.
- pelvic tilt.
- Injury to the navicular semilunar ligament.
- Anatomy of the pelvic bones.
- Anterior tilting of the pelvis.
- Structure of the human foot.
- Anatomy of the ligaments of the lower limbs.
- The structure of the human foot and diseases.
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