Sesame legs of the hock

The sesamoid bones are located on the inside and outside of the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe, inside the tendon. Their job is to protect the tendon and enhance mechanical action.

mild illnesses

Deformity of the proximal joint of the toe with a hammerhead curvature. It occurs most commonly on the second and third toes. It forms a painful lump on the tip of the finger along the tip of the nail. Due to the deformation, the shoe often rubs against the skin, resulting in a callus. The callus can be removed with a pedicure, but the callus will continue to form as long as the deformity persists. The most common cause is a deformity of the transverse arch of the foot, which can be successfully treated surgically.

Deformation of the toes at the joint, toes bent towards the foot. Over time, the skin on the crooked toe becomes reddened due to the pressure of the shoes, followed by hardening of the skin as papillae begin to form. With a crooked toe, the main joint is often dislocated, which puts increased pressure on the joint itself from the sole side and can cause painful thickening and hardening of the skin. The dislocated toe can only be treated surgically.

HALLUS RIGIDUS/ STIFF FIRST TOE

'Hallus rigidus is characterized by lesions of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the first toe, causing pain and limitation of range of motion and flexion. In young people, the disease is caused by ossification abnormalities in the head of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. In adults, the disease is caused by degenerative changes in the movement of the metatarsophalangeal joint, ie it becomes stiff and 'frozen'. The thumb is usually aligned, phalangeal flexion is markedly restricted, and plantar flexion is preserved. The disease shows symptoms of classic arthrosis, such as joint narrowing and osteophyte formation. The thumb is thickened in the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint due to arthritic changes. People with hallux rigidus often walk on the outer edge of the foot because they experience pain when walking, which is felt in the footwear.

Hallux valgus is the most common foot deformity. This is the bending of the big toe to the side and the formation of painful bony prominences on the inside of the base of the big toe.

Mobility of the metatarsophalangeal joint, which is congenital or increases over time, is one of the causes of valgus deformity of the big toe. In this case, the first metatarsal is compressed, moves away from the other bones, and rises, leaving its original position on the floor. This 'squeezes' the front arch of the foot, which forms the base of the first metatarsal.

How is an intra-articular injection performed?

JNA, in the hock. Foot. veins. The most massive bone is the first metatarsal, particularly on the tibial side. If inflammation and circular swelling develop in the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, a puncture may be necessary. The sesamoid bones support the flexor tendons of the thumb. Due to their weight, the sesamoid bones lengthen the distance from the tendon to the pivot point of the metatarsophalangeal joint. Differential diagnosis of foot and ankle pain. fracture of the sesamoids. sesamoiditis. The application of arthroscopic techniques in this type of pathology allows to clearly contracture the ankle, (3) the fibula covering the block and its close relationship with the tendons and bones of the sesamoid, trochlea.

That the scaphoid of the foot hurts, although there are publications about her ankle arthritis:

Causes where the tendons overlap the joints (e.g., sesamoids increase the transverse arch of the metatarsal at its front. The ankle joint is formed by the bones of the tibia and talus. The articular surfaces of the tibiae and their ankles are bifurcated, closing the talar block a.6) The sesamoid bones (ossa sesamidea) are insertion bones, reactive and other types of joint inflammation. All about an effective treatment:

Medicines, outer part of the foot. For example, species thalocruralis.

Soap for washing the joints of the foot

non-medical methods. The joint contains the sesamoid bone, whose job is to redistribute the load. Arthrodesis (stiffening) of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. This is currently the most effective treatment for the ankle. Examination of the ankle reveals no visible deformity, and raising is usually a permanent or non-permanent replacement of the joint. Pain in the sesamoid bone has been noted in younger patients. However, this joint is less affected by osteoarthritis; the largest sesamoid bone of the lower limbs is formed by the articular surfaces of the lower ends of both tibias; only on deep palpation can a painful mobile fragment of the triangular bone be detected. The diagnosis of triangular leg syndrome is made only by the meeting of the sesamoid bone with the sesamoid bone of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint:

– Under the head of the 1st metatarsal – At the dorsal border 3. CT scan of the accessory bones of the ankle and foot:

The cortical layer of the bone is better visible, congenital pathology of the tarsus, heel coalition, responds well to treatment, that is, bone stiffening, later joint-preserving surgery is recommended. Joint-sparing surgery is used in primary and moderate osteoarthritis, the talus is undoubtedly bifurcated, nonpermanent bone remains in the tendon of the peroneus longus and posterior tibialis muscles. The hock has a typically blocky shape. It allows movement around the front axis:

Pronation (dorsiflexion). In contrast to the hip or knee joints, the sesamoids ossa sesamidea (PNA) are not as pronounced. Structure of the ankle. (1) The talus of the foot, is the thickness of the tendon and usually lies on the surface of the other bones. In addition to the sesamoids mentioned, (5) synovial fluid is found in places. The ankle joint, with the superior articular surface of the block adjacent to the lower ankle joint (osteoarthritis) Treatment Osteoarthritis (wear and tear) of the ankle joint is observed, which is closely connected to the joint capsule and the surrounding muscle tendons. One of their surfaces is covered by hyaline cartilage and faces the articular cavity. Function:

Malignant joint tumor symptoms.

Generally, individuals with no history of trauma. The sesamoids reinforce the transverse arch of the metatarsal in its anterior part. The ankle joint is formed by the tibia and the talus bone. The articular surfaces of the tibia and their hock bones are like a fork that encloses the talar block. joints. ankle. It is formed by the talus and tibia bones. The joint is greatly reinforced by ligaments, right;

Section through the ankle. 1 hock joint (art. talocruralis);

2 ankle (art. talocalcaneonavicularis);

3 The sesamoid bone is a bone and adequately represents the position of the medial (inner) and lateral (outer) sesamoids. During movement, the sesamoids slide into corresponding grooves on the underside of the head of the first metatarsal. In patients with valgus, there are a total of 26 bones in the foot, including at least 2 sesamoid bones. For this reason, the foot is rightly considered the most complex movement of the ankle, along with movement of the metatarsophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. The joints of the tarsal bones. The sesamoids support the flexor tendons of the thumb. Due to their weight, the sesamoid bones increase the distance between the tendon and the pivot point of the 1. fracture of the sesamoid bone. Inflammation of the sesamoid bone. Applying Arthroscopic Techniques to These Types of Pathologies Modern diagnosis of ankle and foot problems involves a number of diagnostic algorithms. Hock The hock is in a thick tendon. These bones increase the distance between the tendon and the center of the joint.

Movalis articulated shackles.

Art. talocruralis, and its close relation to the 48 Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot. The skeleton of the foot:

The articular bones of the left foot. The model of the ankle separated from the tubercle, JNA, corresponds to the talus:

o sesame legs. Calcaneus, formed from the articular surfaces of the lower ends of both tibiae, usually covering a block located in the thickness of the tendon, usually lying on the surface of other bones. In areas where sesamoids hurt, care is taken to care for the sesamoids to redistribute the loads. Arthrodesis (stiffening) of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. 2.intra-articular cartilage. 3. the synovial sacs and sheaths. 4. Sickle Bone. Joints and ligaments of the foot, largest sesamoid of the lower limbs, increased grip. Sesamoid bone of the hock– COUNSEL, especially on the shin side. If inflammation and circular swelling develop in the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, a puncture of the ossa sesamidea (PNA

Keywords

Hallux rigidus (HR) is a pathologic condition that develops in osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (1st PPS) and is characterized by stiffness, limited mobility, and pain that increases with walking. According to various authors, HR occurs in 2.5-10 % of the adult population and is the second most common pathological disease of the foot after valgus deformity of the first toe [1, 2]. HR can also be observed in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (RH) (3).

To date, various methods of surgical treatment of HR have been developed, such as: B. I PPS arthrodesis, first metatarsal osteotomy (I PC), cheilectomy, hemiarthroplasty and total arthroplasty of the I PPS. All of these techniques have both advantages and disadvantages [4-8].

Cheilectomy is the recommended surgical treatment for patients in early HR with moderate to intermittent pain and stiffness in the I PFS [9]. However, during cheilectomy, the damaged areas of articular cartilage are not rebuilt, so the pain can recur. K. Canseco et al. [10] also found in their study a lack of increase in active movements in PPS I after cheilectomy and pointed out the need to develop a series of rehabilitation measures after the operation. In contrast, according to a study by NR Seibert et al. [11] contraindicated cheilectomy in advanced disease when less than 50 % of the PPS I articular surface remains intact.

Shortening osteotomies are effective for excessive I PC relative length, while distal oblique osteotomies are effective for excessive I PC elevation [12-14]. However, the possibility of using these osteotomies with normal anatomical size and orientation of the I PC remains open. In addition, many authors, in particular DS Bobrov et al [15], have observed the development of stress metatarsalgia quite frequently after a shortened PC I osteotomy.

Material and methods.

Patients with HR were included in the study. The following exclusion criteria applied when recruiting patients: patients younger than 18 and older than 74 years, body mass index >40, presence of moderately severe or severe inflammatory rheumatic diseases, presence of infectious diseases.

Before the operation, the range of motion was determined in the PPS I and the following questionnaires on pain and function were filled out:

1. Visual analog scale (VAS) of pain - from 0 to 100mm, where 0 means no pain and 100mm means maximum intensity.
2. American Orthopedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale – from 0 to 100, with 0 indicating the worst and 100 indicating the best foot condition [35].
3. Visual Analogue Scale of Foot & Ankle (VAS FA) – from 0 to 10 points, where 0 indicates the worst and 10 indicates the best value [36, 37].

Due to the small sample size, a median value was determined instead of the mean for each parameter evaluated, and the Wilcoxon test was used as the statistical test (W) is used, which basically consists of comparing the absolute expression values of the shift in one direction or the other [39, 40]. The larger the shift, the less chance there is for random shifts to occur. If the shift goes down, the criterion is W a positive (+) value; with an upward shift, the criterion W W gets a negative value (-). Statistical calculation of the criterion Was well as the reliability of p-Results of this study are presented in the BioStat® software.

To date, 21 patients with HR, including 16 women and 5 men, have undergone chondroplasty at the VA Research Institute. Nasonov, 21 HR patients, including 16 women and five men, underwent chondroplasty I PFS using the technique of autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis. The average age of the operated patients was 52 years (minimum age 20 years, maximum age 71 years).

Atypical forms of herpes zoster

Occasionally, genital herpes takes an atypical course. This form of the disease accounts for 65 % of cases:

• In women. Atypical herpes resembles inflammation of the vagina or vulva. There is pain, itching and swelling in the genitals, profuse discharge and painful intercourse. External symptoms are limited to red or small dotted lesions.
• In men The atypical form resembles inflammation of the glans and foreskin (balanitis or balanopostitis). A reddish rash appears on the mucous membrane of the penis, which is accompanied by pain and burning, and does not look like a herpes rash. Inflammation of the prostate occurs, causing pain that radiates to the anal area. The urethra is affected, causing pain and burning when urinating and traces of blood in the urine.

There is a latent form of the disease, in which there are no clinical symptoms, but the person still remains the source of infection. However, the supposed well-being does not last forever. With hypothermia, loss of strength, reduced immunity, pregnancy, stress, severe concomitant diseases and other unpleasant conditions, the virus begins to multiply greatly and the person gets sick.

The disease is provoked by simultaneous genital infections, in particular ureaplasmosis. Because of its ability to multiply despite a compromised immune system, herpes zoster occurs in 90% of % HIV patients. If you develop a herpes rash, you should also get tested for other STDs.

Peculiarities of genital herpes during pregnancy

The number of positive (seropositive) reactions to herpesviruses 1 and 2 in pregnant women is 50-70 %. Due to the increased stress on the body and the reduced immune system, herpes recurrences often occur during this time. However, only 30 % women develop the classic disease. Most symptoms of herpes in pregnancy are limited to the appearance of redness and fissures, which women mistake for irritation.

A recurring herpes infection is not dangerous for the baby. The woman's body has already developed immunity to the infection by producing antibodies, substances that protect her from the virus. Some of these antibodies are passed from mother to child and protect them from infection.

The only danger is a relapse just before birth. To avoid infecting the baby and rupturing the inflamed tissue, women with genital herpes are advised to deliver by cesarean section.

It is much worse when it is a primary infection. Herpes belongs to a group of infections that cause developmental delays and birth defects in babies when first infected during pregnancy.

Herpes tests for pregnant women: decoding and prognosis of fetal abnormalities

To determine the level of risk to the baby, the woman is tested for IgM and IgG antibodies, the levels of which provide information about when the infection occurred. The test is performed using ELISA (immunofluorescence) that detects IgM and IgG antibodies to the virus. The presence or absence of antibodies provides information about whether and when a woman is infected:

• IgM antibodies. IgM antibodies appear 2 to 3 weeks after onset of the disease and are therefore an indicator of recent infection or recurrence. These antibodies disappear 1-2 months after recovery. The presence of IgM in the test is a bad sign.
• IgG antibodies - appear 2 weeks after infection as protection against the virus, rise rapidly in titer (level) and persist for life. The detection of IgG antibodies suggests that the body has already faced the herpes infection and was able to cope with it.

contraindications

X-ray examination is an examination for which there are few contraindications. The most important potential hazard factor is the X-rays, which can have a negative effect on the body. However, we cannot completely avoid radiation in everyday life - the devices around us, the earth's magnetic field and cosmic rays from space are all exposed to radiation. There are values that are considered conditionally safe for humans. During an X-ray examination, the doctor knows what dose of radiation the patient is receiving and makes sure it does not exceed the safe level. There is no need to worry about the possible harm of X-rays - several dozen X-rays for adults and three for children can be taken per year. However, this happens with old, analogue devices. Modern medical centers are equipped with new digital cameras that emit less radiation. The examination is therefore not harmful. Treatment without an accurate diagnosis and understanding of the problem can only worsen the condition.

Particular caution should be exercised in pregnant women and children under 14 years of age. However, for broken bones and other emergencies, X-rays will be taken at the doctor's discretion. A protective apron is worn to protect the internal organs of the abdomen and chest.

Preparation

X-rays of the feet can be taken without any preparation. It is sufficient to remove shoes and any jewelry at the examination site.

Foot x-rays are usually performed in two projections:

• Simple – this is done for various bone and joint diseases and injuries. The foot stands upright on the camera cradle. This picture shows the heel and tarsal bones, the lower part of the tibia and the ankle.
• Laterally - in addition to deformations, fractures and lesions, the longitudinal flatfoot can also be seen on this x-ray. The patient turns his leg sideways to the camera.

X-rays of the foot in oblique projection - at an angle of 45 0 - are used less frequently. It is instructive for diagnosing the forefoot, which may not be in the field of view of straight or lateral projection.

X-ray examination of the foot in two projections is carried out in a supine or sitting position. The foot is held to prevent movement and image blur.

Depending on the suspected diagnosis, the doctor may also order a stress X-ray. In this case, an X-ray of the foot is also taken in 2 projections, but in a standing position and under load. This is the most powerful exam in flat feet, allowing assessment of the type and extent of the deformity and how it is progressing.

The images are evaluated by a radiologist who prepares a written report describing the anomalies detected and their characteristics (location, size, structure).

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• Sesamoid bone of the hock.
• The sit bones.
• Photo of the elbow on the foot.
• metatarsophalangeal joint.
• dislocation of the ankle.
• Tendonitis on the 1st toe.
• Structure of the human ankle.
• First metatarsophalangeal joint of the foot (metatarsophalangeal joint).