rotation in anatomy

An excellent exercise for stabilizing the body is throwing and passing the medicine ball, mainly by concentric acceleration of the upper limbs during the throw, as a stable base is required to develop the power of this movement. Likewise, when receiving the ball, the body must absorb and dissipate the force of the throw through an eccentric braking movement.

RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY
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On March 23rd at 1:00 p.m., the School of Advanced Chemical and Mechanical Engineering (EESCHME) and the Department of Petrochemistry, Chemical and Polymeric Materials will host an open day for new MAGISTRATURE students!

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According to the 2023 ranking compiled in February, based on anonymous feedback from students, RCTU is among the top 10 Russian universities.

Development program of DI Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology for 2021-2030

The Advanced School of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering is a unique educational project.
Training world-class engineers with zero time to adapt to the workplace.

– Bringing together Mendeleyevians into a community of like-minded people interested in preserving the traditions, developing and promoting the university.
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What should be done in the event of an armed attack on an educational institution?

-Advanced knowledge for business development;
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The forum will take place March 21-23 at the Expocentre facility. Ilya Vorotintsev, Acting Rector of the Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology, and Ratmir Dashkin, General Director of the Mendeleyev Engineering Center, took part in the business events and thematic discussions on March 21, the opening day of the forum.

The International Business Academy of the Russian University of Chemical Technology DI Mendeleyev took place from March 11th to 18th. Mendeleyev University organized educational excursions for students to regional university locations as part of the 'Mendeleyev Classes' project

So why does pain occur most often there? Do structural features alone contribute to this phenomenon?

The contradiction at the level of the cervical spine is as follows: The movement in the cervical spine takes place in a spiral (spiral form of movement), that is, an angular movement is followed by a linear movement. So the movement is actually a combination of two types of movement. For example, flexion and extension at the level of the cervical spine is combined with a lateral shift. Lateral flexion of the trunk (tilting to the side) is associated with a forward displacement of the joints. The rotation occurs in conjunction with a cranial shift. These phenomena must be taken into account when assessing functional radiographs of the cervical spine. So if the scans show lateral displacement of the vertebral bodies, the patient may have increased extension or a flat neck. For a given vertebra, the extent of lordosis or kyphosis will be such that no lateral displacement occurs in any other plane, because excessive or insufficient flexion is perceived by the body as ideal movement.

The law of spiral movement is anchored in the anatomy of the vertebral bodies. Rotation in the cervical spine physiologically takes place in the first segment of C1-C2, and so that the rotational form of movement predominates, the 'tooth' of the second cervical vertebra is positioned strictly vertically, which enables the spiral form of movement. The second biomechanical feature is that the articular surface has an inclined plane. This is necessary so that the joint can perform three types of movements. In the cervical spine, lateral flexion and rotation always occur together. The rotation is greatest at the level of C2. A sign of normal neck biomechanics is when the amount of right and left rotation is symmetrical. When one vertebra is displaced relative to the other, the neck loses its physiological lordosis and flexion occurs.

The laws of biomechanics must be taken into account in kinesiotherapy. Particular attention is paid to the deep neck muscles, especially the short flexor and extensor muscles. The correct inclusion of these muscles in the biomechanics of movement ensures the elimination of the effects of injuries in the middle third of the cervical spine and the restoration of the state of the diaphragm muscles, which are innervated by the phrenic nerve, which is often involved in the pathological process in patients with osteochondrosis of the cervical spine is. Exercises on special decompression devices, performed according to special programs developed individually for each patient, allow activating blood flow in the deep muscles of the neck and restoring a maximum range of motion of the cervical spine. The need to correct disorders in this area arises from the presence of numerous tension receptors and their connection to the oculomotor nerves, which directly affect the condition of all lower parts of the spine.

causes

The etiological factors are not well defined. Genetic diagnostics have shown that a high percentage of situs inversus is associated with mutations in the HAND, Pitxz, ZIC3Shh and ACVR2 genes, which occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Transposition is promoted by teratogenic effects on the developing embryo: smoking and alcohol consumption by the pregnant woman, radiation exposure and carcinogenic substances. There is a theory of 'absorption' of the twin embryo as the cause of transposition.

In clinical practice, transposition occurs in isolated dextrocardia (reverse localization of the heart), Sievert-Cartagener syndrome (reversal of the lung-heart complex) and Evemark syndrome (dextrocardia, mirror-image localization of the abdominal organs).

pathogenesis

The pathological changes occur in the early embryonic period. Normally, during embryonic development, all visceral tissues align along the midline of the body. As the embryo grows, a rotation to the right occurs so that the internal organs assume their typical positions. If the rotation occurs in the opposite direction, transposition of one, all or several internal organs occurs.

There are 4 types of transpositions, depending on the number of misplaced organs and their location relative to the midline:

• Situs inversus cordis – simple dextrocardia, in which only the heart is in an unusual position on the right side of the chest;
• Sitevisceruminversepartialis – partial inversion, in which the heart and some organs of the digestive and respiratory systems are mirrored;
• Situs viscerum inversus totalis – Reflection of all internal organs of the digestive and respiratory systems;
• Situs ambiguus (Heterotaxy) is a rare variant with unclear localization in which the liver usually occupies a position in the middle of the body and the spleen is absent.

Symptoms and diagnosis of incomplete intestinal torsion

In very rare cases, when the defect is mild, the clinical signs may be absent or mild, so they go unnoticed by the pediatrician and parents. However, symptoms of incomplete intestinal torsion occur more often in the first days of life. A typical symptom is frequent vomiting with bile that occurs shortly after eating. The child is restless due to a pronounced pain syndrome caused by acute intestinal obstruction. Body temperature may increase for the same reason that meconium intoxication occurs. Bowel movements may initially be normal, but later show blood, constipation and bloating.

Palpation of the abdomen reveals a painful and tense anterior abdominal wall that is often asymmetrical and more pronounced on the right side. The abdomen is significantly swollen and enlarged in the upper abdomen and is usually compressed in the lower abdomen. Intestinal loops in the lower abdomen often cannot be felt. X-rays show the typical signs of acute intestinal obstruction: the sign of a double gas bubble (in the stomach and duodenum) and dilated intestinal loops. The contrast-enhanced radiographs clearly show an enlarged stomach and upper part of the small intestine, which is also a sign of obstruction with incomplete intestinal torsion.

Irrigography shows abnormal position of the cecum in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, which is the cause of the obstruction as the mesenteric ligaments of the cecum mechanically compress the duodenal lumen. An ultrasound scan is also performed on newborns, which may show indirect signs of incomplete intestinal torsion. In particular, an abnormal position of the superior mesenteric vein in relation to the artery of the same name is noted. In addition, the lower duodenum is located on the right side, which is also characteristic of this malformation.

Treatment of incomplete torsion

Surgical treatment is indicated. Longer preoperative preparation is usually not carried out because the child's condition usually requires immediate surgical intervention. The Ledd operation is performed to free the duodenum from the appendix and place it on the right side of the abdomen. The appendix is relocated to the left upper quadrant. The operation therefore arranges the intestine in the same way as in a classic incomplete intestinal torsion. Since the appendix and appendix are already in an abnormal position, an appendectomy is always necessary. If appendicitis develops, the diagnosis is extremely difficult due to the atypical clinical picture.

The prognosis depends on the severity of clinical symptoms and early diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. In 10 % cases, gangrene is possible due to persistent compression and ischemia of the intestinal region. Death can occur from two causes: septic shock and short bowel syndrome. In the remaining cases the prognosis is favorable. Prevention of incomplete intestinal torsion is only possible if the malformation is recognized and treated in a timely manner. Sometimes the course is almost asymptomatic and the developmental anomaly is discovered accidentally. In this case, surgery is also recommended to prevent possible intestinal torsion.

Flexion-type SBS and its role in the formation of closures

Flexion-type SBS is a form of physiological SBS disorder because movement of the sphenoid and occipital bones is preserved along their physiological axes (Figure 1), but the flexion component of the cranio-occipital rhythm predominates over the extension component. The sphenoid and occipital bones are in flexion, meaning that the cranial bones that initiate movement are also in a flexion pattern and the paired cranial bones are in external rotation (Fig. 2).

Figure 1. The straightening and flexion pattern preserves the movements of the sphenoid and occipital bones along their physiological axes.

Fig. 2: During flexion, the remaining skull bones, which are activated by the sphenoid bone and the occipital bone, are in external rotation or flexion.

1. During a normal birth, the newborn's head is known to constrict (extension phenomenon) and open again (flexion phenomenon) as it passes through the mother's birth canal. With a birth that is too long or, on the contrary, too fast, the baby's head often does not fully open (that is, it remains in extension) or, on the contrary, does not close completely (that is, it is in flexion).
2. Inherited predisposition, belonging to certain races.
3. Increased intracranial pressure in the first year of life, hydrocephalus.
4. Trauma to the cervical spine, leading to disruption of cerebral circulation.

• The cranial vault is 'rounded';
• The eye sockets are rounded, wide and 'open';
• zygomatic arches, supraorbital ridge, mandibular angle flattened;
• protruding ears (Fig. 3) .

Fig. 3 a. Appearance in a flexed position.

Fig. 3 b. Appearance in a hunched position.

Bite: The upper jaw reflects the position of the upper jaw bones.

When the jaw externally rotates, the upper incisors can shift dorsally, while the other upper teeth can shift more laterally. Intra-articular changes between the incisors and the actual upper jaw lead to unphysiological enlargement. For example, a wide, low palate (Roman arch) due to external rotation of the upper jaw. The teeth are large and tremors and diastemata may occur.

Advanced type of SBS dysfunction and its role in bite formation

SBS expansion refers to physiological dysfunction because the axis of movement of the sphenoid and occipital bones is preserved during craniosacral rhythm, but the expansion component (when the skull closes) outweighs the flexion component.

Because both the sphenoid and occipital bones tend to be in extension, the cranial bones that move during craniosacral rhythm are also in extension if they are unpaired bones and in internal rotation if they are paired bones .

Characteristic appearance (Fig. 5):

• The shape of the head is elongated and the vertical size of the skull is increased;
• characteristic of persons with asthenic physique;
• high forehead;
• eyes narrow, small;
• the ears are at an angle to the skull;
• slim nose;
• thin lips.

Fig. 5. In the extensive form, the remaining skull bones are in internal rotation or extension, driven by the sphenoid and occipital bones.

Bite: Narrow upper jaw, Gothic arches, possible clenching of teeth, rotation and dystopia. There is no occlusal conflict per se, but overcontraction in the anterior region may occur (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6 Bite with the extensive pattern.

The extensive type of SBS can have the following clinical symptoms:

• Delay in psychomotor development from typically delayed to significantly delayed.
• Slowed activity.
• Asthenic type of personality development.
• Poorer ability to deal with stress.
• Frequent colds (because the nasal passages and respiratory tract are narrowed - infections are trapped there).
• Vision problems such as farsightedness may be present.

It is possible to negate the negative effects of dysfunction on the body, it is very good to work with children at a young age, and before installing orthodontic plates on the maxillary row, one must first work up the SBS, restore the mobility of the maxilla , allow him to move freely in flexion and extension, and then proceed with orthodontic treatment, then the treatment will be faster, more effective and safer, and in some cases wearing plates may not be necessary at all.

Why is rotation even necessary?

Working in the IT industry is hard. It's not enough to be good at writing code, creating projects or texts, or managing people. You also have to get to the right place, find your dream project and find a team where you want to be your own head.

This doesn't always work, even for experienced professionals. And it's nobody's fault. The most important thing is that you quickly find a place where you can do a lot of good and feel comfortable. Let's face it: finding 'your man' is expensive. It is often more cost-effective for companies to let an employee they have already found look for a new position internally than to look for a new person.

One tip. When hiring, ask if your company offers rotation. If so, you should be aware that you have a reserve parachute (or parachutes).

How rotation works

Rotation is a 'setting within the setting'. In companies, it is often handled via an internal job portal. In smaller IT companies and start-ups, rotation is usually decided through personal relationships and networks.

Although the specialist will not be required to submit a resume or cover letter like new applicants, he or she will be required to complete interview sections. Which sections these are depends on the position you are applying for.

There are interviews during company rotation. I've had a few of these, but they're all similar: meeting the manager, then a technical interview where you write code.

Ilya Shishkov, developer – schedule at Yandex Food

I had three sections: an introductory section, a technical section, and a manager section. After that, my manager received the information that I was accepted into another team. We agreed on how much time I needed to complete all the tasks. I worked in my previous position for a few more weeks and then moved to the new department.

Artyom Rudakovsky, technical director at Yandex

The role of muscular dysfunction

Core stabilization exercises should load selected muscles without causing pain or transferring unnecessary or dangerous forces to the spinal structures. For patients with lower back pain, endurance exercises are better than strength exercises.

Slow muscle contraction, ineffective contraction of stabilizing muscles and atrophy of tonic muscles contribute to reduced stability of the center and the appearance of low back pain. Patients with chronic low back pain show a decrease in EMG activity of the peroneal muscles.

In healthy individuals, the transversus abdominis muscle begins to work before movement is transmitted to the limb, while in low back pain syndrome its contraction is delayed. Patients with low back pain have atrophy of the multifidus muscles on the affected side. Although this type of atrophy does not go away on its own, there are exercises that appear to be helpful in treating and preventing low back pain.

Posture exercises for lower back pain

Some exercises for certain muscle groups can also put excessive strain on the intervertebral joints. In order not to harm the patient, a stabilizing rehabilitation program must be carried out under the guidance of a specialist.

The 'Superman', for example, is a popular exercise to train the muscles that straighten the spine. The athlete lies on his stomach and performs a back bend of the spine by lifting the upper body and lifting the legs off the floor.

This puts a pressure load of 2000-4000 N on the lumbar spine. Studies have shown that a pressure load of just 500 N can damage facet joints. Therefore, the Superman exercise should be avoided as the pressure load exceeds the safe limit.

It is probably best to practice in a neutral spinal position with a slight supine lordosis, which allows the practitioner to feel the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae, but without being able to slide the hand completely under the lumbar spine. The neutral position should be painless.

rehabilitation

After arthroscopic stabilization, recovery of lost function is actually faster compared to Latterjö surgery. However, the doctor's recommendations regarding the correct timing and correct immobilization of the operated limb during the first six weeks after the operation should not be neglected.

Monitored recovery therapy with the help of specialized physiotherapists and physiotherapists is also important. Complete recovery of shoulder joint function usually occurs approximately 3 months after surgery. A return to sport is only possible after six months at the earliest. This also generally applies to patients after latergé surgery, but the recovery time is 1.5 to 2 times longer.

overdose

If the dosage regimen prescribed by the doctor is not followed, excessive amounts may enter the body. Inhalation poisoning is manifested by the following symptoms:

1. Gastrointestinal system – nausea, vomiting, thinning of stools, abdominal pain and colic, formation of ulcers on the surface of the intestines.
2. Nervous system disorders: dizziness, drowsiness, lethargy, delirium, balance disorders, muscle weakness, pupil constriction.
3. Disorders of the urinary tract: excretion of blood and salt crystals in the urine.
4. The blood-forming organs react with a reduction in hemoglobin, platelets and leukocytes.
5. Other symptoms include shortness of breath and cardiac arrhythmias.

In the event of an overdose, see a doctor immediately. If conscious, lavage the stomach and administer an adsorbent, e.g. B. Activated charcoal and provide fresh air until medical help arrives. If the person is unconscious, place them on their side with their lower jaw forward so that their tongue is not pulled down.

Analogues

There are no direct analogues of the drug, but there are drugs with a similar effect - anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, to facilitate breathing through the nose, to relieve sore throats.

Drugs that can partially or completely replace 'Ingalipt':

1. 'Cameton'. Anti-inflammatory and antiseptic drug in the form of an aerosol. Contains camphor, eucalyptus oil, levomenthol and chlorobutanol. Available in 30 and 45 g bottles. Which one should you choose – 'Ingalipt' or 'Cameton'? There is no one-size-fits-all answer - the doctor's recommendation should always be taken into account, but in general 'Ingalipt' has more pronounced antibacterial properties.
2. 'Hexoral'. INN is hexatidine, an antiseptic with a wide range of uses. One of the most commonly prescribed medicines by general practitioners, pediatricians and otolaryngologists.
3. 'Miramistine'. The active ingredient is chlorhexidine. It is a widely used antiseptic with a broad spectrum of activity against microorganisms. It is available in the form of a spray with a long nozzle that allows for more precise administration of the product.
4. Ajisept'. The lollipops are available in different formulations: honey and lemon, menthol and eucalyptus, orange, lemon, pineapple and classic sage. There is also a version for children aged five and over. The product soothes the throat, has an anti-inflammatory effect and has a slight antibacterial effect. It is packaged in packs of 24.
5. 'Strepsils. Lollipops available in a range of fruit flavors including menthol and honey variants. Potency is given in normal and enhanced forms such as Intensive and Plus. The main effects are eliminating sore throats, facilitating breathing and fighting viruses and bacteria that cause disease. Packed in blister packs of 12, one pack contains two blister packs.

What is better than Inhalipt or other medicines with similar effects? Most products are more modern and have fewer side effects, but in some cases there are contraindications that limit their use. For example, many lollipops are not suitable for diabetics because they contain sugar (an exception is the sugar-free Strepsils), or the patient is allergic to other sprays - in these cases Inhalipt is helpful.

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