muscles of the soleus muscle

Which doctor treats follicular hyperkeratosis?

Follicular hyperkeratosis

Follicular hyperkeratosis is a skin condition characterized by deposits of keratinized epidermis at the base of hair follicles. The skin on the affected areas becomes dry and rough, covered with numerous reddish nodules resembling goose bumps. The elbows and knees, buttocks and outer thighs are most commonly affected by the disease. It is not disease-causing, but it can cause discomfort and dissatisfaction with appearance due to dry skin.

There are two types of cutaneous follicular hyperkeratosis.

• Type I is caused by vitamin A deficiency. It is characterized by increasing dryness of the skin on the elbows, knees, outer sides of the limbs and buttocks, and the appearance of prickly nodules at the exits of the hair follicles.
• Type II develops with vitamin C deficiency. It is characterized by dark-colored nodules that clog the openings of the hair follicles because they are made of blood or pigment. The outer thighs and abdomen are most commonly affected.

It can be congenital or acquired.

symptoms

The main symptom of follicular hyperkeratosis is goose bumps, accompanied by dryness and roughness of the skin in the affected areas. The calloused nodules appear as a small reddish or yellowish rash that appears on the arms and thighs, knees, buttocks, and less commonly other parts of the body. They are located at the base of the hair follicles and form a small red border around each horny part. The nodules and plaques are no larger than a matchstick and can remain on the affected skin for many years. In some cases, follicular hyperkeratosis occurs on the face or scalp. The generalized form is characterized by extensive skin involvement on the trunk and extremities.

Only a doctor can accurately diagnose the disease. Don't delay in your consultation - call +7 (495) 775-73-60

Causes of leg cramps

Limb cramps have a variety of causes:

• Crumple syndrome - painful muscle spasms (mainly in the calf) that last for several minutes. This syndrome occurs in most people (90 % by some reports) and is more common in older people. Calf cramps cause severe pain and flexion of the sole of the foot. Symptoms subside with walking, massaging, and stretching the foot. Crumpy syndrome can develop as a physiological response when a person is exposed to physical factors (unusually heavy physical exertion, being in cold water, dehydration, hypothermia, etc.). Muscle contractures can also occur with somatic diseases (chronic liver, kidney or heart failure) and neurological diseases (Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, fragile fasciitis syndrome).
• Endocrine diseases - hypoparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, excess of female sex hormones.
• Cardiovascular diseases – hypertension, varicose veins of the lower limbs, atherosclerosis sclerotherapy, arteritis, thrombophlebitis can provoke cramps in the legs. This is due to disturbed cell nutrition, lack of oxygen and water stagnation (edema).
• Flat feet – abnormal stress on the feet when walking leads to constant spasms in the thigh and calf muscles. Painful cramps often occur in the evening or at night after getting up for a long time.
• Water-electrolyte imbalance – in pathologies of the digestive system (after removal of the stomach, parts of the intestine, diarrhea, intestinal infections), kidney diseases, intoxications, endocrine disorders.
• Vitamin and mineral deficiencies – hypovitaminosis B1, B2, B6, lack of potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium with an unbalanced diet and malabsorption.
• Intoxication and intoxication with alcohol, drugs, medicines or toxic substances (arsenic, insecticides, fungi, dichlorvos, etc.).
• Abnormal pregnancy - circulatory disorders in the legs with inferior vena cava syndrome (the vessel is squeezed by the enlarged uterus), generalized spasms throughout the body with eclampsia.
• Energetic mental exertion - causes spasms due to excessive stress on the nervous system.
• Wearing uncomfortable footwear, insufficient pre-exercise warm-up and stretching, etc.

Leg cramps at night

Nocturnal cramps in the thigh and calf muscles are usually accompanied by acute pain and sleep disorders. The causes are the same as those mentioned above: vitamin and mineral deficiencies, vascular disease, pregnancy, low temperature, dehydration, use of medications (antipsychotics, diuretics, statins, over-the-counter drugs, etc.).

The frequent occurrence of cramps at night is due to prolonged muscle tension in uncomfortable positions during sleep. To relieve foot spasms, you can walk on the floor, flex your toes, stretch and massage your calves. If you have persistent night cramps, you should seek immediate medical attention as they can be a symptom of a serious neurological disorder.

How do I know if my feet are deformed?

There are only three main signs of a flatfoot deformity. If even one of these is present, this is a reason to consider a visit to the orthopedist.

• Your feet get tired and hurt quickly. The pain is related to the deformity when it occurs with physical activity and does not bother you at night. Some areas of the foot are more affected than others. First, the heel: The plantar fascia becomes chronically inflamed and the heel hurts when walking, especially when taking the first steps in the morning. Second, the tendons that connect the joints in the thumb area: these also become inflamed and painful.
• Calluses have formed on his feet. The foot deforms, the load when walking is not distributed properly, and calluses form on the surface of the sole. If you go to a dermatologist, they will refer you to an orthopedist because they can only treat the symptoms: they will prescribe medication that softens the skin and promotes its detachment. But the congestion of the sole of the foot and the skin in that area will remain, and calluses will reappear.
• The shoes have become too small. By the age of 22, our bones stop growing. After that, the foot increases in size only in two cases: when it swells or when the bones deform. In the second case, the forefoot usually widens, so that shoes with a narrow toe feel particularly tight and uncomfortable.

Can a massage treat the feet?

Massage and chiropractic relieve muscle tension and improve blood and lymph flow - and that's where the effects end. The number of active muscle fibers cannot be increased by touching the muscles. Therefore, foot massage has only a temporary effect: it relieves the pain, but the problem—insufficiently strong muscles and abnormal load distribution—remains and the foot continues to deform. So it's a misconception that massage helps with foot deformities.

If the foot is severely deformed, the only way to heal it is surgery. However, if the foot has just started changing, it is possible to stop the process. The first step to this is. Make sure you wear the right shoes. Instead of defective shoes, it is better to buy sneakers: they restrict the foot the least and are therefore the least harmful to it.

Signs of proper footwear

• They do not restrict your movement.. On your toes. That should be easy. If not, the shoe will cause pain in your feet.
• You don't feel the weight on your feet. If you walk in the shoe all day and don't feel fatigue on your feet, then it's fine.
• The material is soft. The denser the material, the more the shoe restricts the movement of the foot.
• The sole is also soft. When the sole of the shoe is hard, one element of walking—the heel-to-toe heel-to-toe transition—is completely eliminated. We usually walk like this: first we touch the ground with our heel, then we roll onto our toes and in the next step we push off. The softer the sole, the greater the roll-off and the better for the muscles.
• The sole is wide. The sole of the shoe must completely cover the plantar surface of our foot or the foot will roll inwards.
• The toe is not pointed. A pointed toe locks the interdigital muscles in the forefoot and contributes to atrophy.
• The heel is no higher than 3 cm. If we increase the instep in the rearfoot, ie if we put on heels, the load on the forefoot increases enormously. The result: the foot is deformed.

Diagnosis of right shoulder pain

In the event of a shoulder injury, you need to go to a trauma center. If the cause of the pain is not obvious, you should contact your GP, who will prescribe a range of diagnostic measures. If necessary, he will be referred to a specialist, e.g. B. neurologist, rheumatologist, orthopaedist, oncologist, phthalmologist, etc.

Diagnostic methods for clarifying the cause of pain in the right shoulder:

• X-rays. The X-ray provides information about the condition of the bone tissue and makes it possible to visualize the contours of the humeral head and the socket of the joint. The doctor assesses the size of the joint space and can identify marginal defects and enlarged osteophytes.
• ULTRA SOUND. This examination provides information about the condition of the soft tissues. With the help of ultrasound waves, inflammatory foci, calcifications and effusions can be detected. The sonography is informative in the detection of synovial fluid and joint bodies.
• MRI and CT scans. If the cause of the shoulder pain cannot be determined with X-rays and ultrasound, the patient is referred for further examinations. In addition, MRI and CT scans are used to clarify the diagnosis, as they provide more accurate information about the inner workings of the shoulder.
• puncture. If the doctor suspects that the patient has synovitis, he will recommend taking joint fluid. This is then examined in the laboratory.
• Removal of tissue from the synovial membrane. This method is used to diagnose rheumatological diseases and cancer tumors. The material obtained is sent for histological examination.
• arthroscopy. The examination of the joint components is often combined with a biopsy. Minimally invasive surgery can be performed during the procedure.
• blood tests. Inflammatory markers, elevated sludge levels, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and other health indicators can be identified.

treatment methods

The therapeutic measures depend on the cause of the pain, e.g. B:

• Joint restraint is required in osteoarthritis.
• Antimicrobial drugs are indicated for infectious arthritis or bursitis.
• Tuberculosis requires drugs that work against Koch's bacillus.
• Cancer treatment means hospitalization and chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Surgery may also be necessary.
• In the event of an injury, a plaster cast may be applied.

Pain management is the top priority. For severe pain, injections may be given, followed by pills.

Physiotherapeutic techniques are widely used: UHF, magnetic therapy, laser therapy, ultrasound treatment, UHF.

In the case of injuries, surgical interventions are also carried out, e.g. B. to correct dislocations, eliminate swelling or strengthen the capsule.

[video] dr Demchenko - simple and effective exercises for shoulder pain that have an immediate effect!

[video] dr Evdokimenko – how to get rid of shoulder pain without drugs and triggers:

What to do if you have trouble urinating

Difficulty urinating is not a disease in its own right, but a sign of other problems in the body. Therefore, it is necessary to undergo diagnostics in order to choose an appropriate treatment regimen. If you have this problem, you should consult a urologist who deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system. The patient is offered the following diagnostic tests:

• general analysis and bacterial culture of urine;
• blood test;
• Bacterial culture of prostate secretions (if prostate disease is suspected);
• X-rays (urethrography, uroflometry, urethroscopy);
• Ultrasound examination of the kidney, bladder and prostate;
• Urethrocystoscopy to assess the condition of the bladder walls.

Antibacterial drugs are used to treat urinary tract problems in men with prostatitis. They are also used for cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis.

With adenocarcinoma of the prostate, things are a little more complicated because the enlarged tissue cannot be reduced or removed with drugs. In this case, the abnormal tissue is removed through a surgical excision, called a TUR.

Catheterization is performed for severe urinary tract problems and acute urinary retention. Catheterization is necessary to allow urine to drain. Other methods used:

• With urethral strictures: ligature, urethrotomy, stenting or radical methods in the form of various types of urethroplasty.
• In urolithiasis: surgical removal through the urethra or indentation into the bladder with crushing and subsequent extraction.
• In neurogenic bladder: intermittent catheterization in combination with electrical stimulation of the bladder muscles and blockage of the pudendal nerve.
• In women going through the menopause: hormonal medication to correct the hormone balance.

Risks related to difficult urination

In particularly severe cases, urination becomes impossible, even when the muscles of the abdominal wall are severely tense. This can lead to acute urinary retention, which is very dangerous for the kidneys and can even be fatal.

Don't risk your health by trying to diagnose the symptoms yourself, as there are many causes of difficulty urinating. In order to accurately determine the nature of the symptom, it is necessary to make a diagnosis. Only then can your doctor prescribe the right treatment for your urinary condition that will eliminate the problem.

We therefore recommend that you do not delay the visit to your urologist, as this will allow an early diagnosis of the problem and increase the chances of a complete cure. In our clinic you can be diagnosed and treated within the framework of the OMS policy, that is, completely free of charge. Early treatment avoids serious complications that can arise at any time as the problem progresses.

Gagik Nersesovic Hakobyan - Dr. med., urologist, oncologist, Dr. phil., professor of the urology department of the First Moscow State Medical University Sechenov

Non-orthopedic diseases

Orthopedic abnormalities are not always the cause of this particular symptom. Low back pain radiating to the right or left leg is often caused by trauma or neurological problems. Symptoms are usually not limited to the pain: the limbs can become numb and lose sensation.

Lumbar ischialgia is a specific condition in which the sciatic nerve at the exit of the spine becomes inflamed. The pain often extends to the back. Sciatica is one of the most common causes of lower back pain and pain that radiates to the buttocks and legs.

How to relieve an attack of pain

Even with qualified treatment of the underlying disease, the pain persists for a long time. Acute attacks occur when lower back pain radiates to the buttocks and legs. There are several ways to alleviate them:

• Ibuprofen, Ketanov, Tempalgin, or another analgesic will relieve symptoms. Muscle relaxants should also be administered to relieve tension in the back muscles.
• Warming ointment or compress: Make sure that the pain in the lower back is not due to an injury or a pelvic inflammatory disease, otherwise these treatments are absolutely contraindicated.
• Comfortable Posture: Each patient chooses a position they feel comfortable with, but what is known as the fetal position is most often helpful.
• Massage: A gentle massage of your lower back can help relieve pain—if it doesn't trigger new attacks, it's worth it.
• Exercise: indicated when pain in the lower back of the right or left leg is not aggravated by movement, e.g. B. by bending to the side and alternately bending the legs.

These remedies help relieve or eliminate the pain, but do not cure the cause. Therefore, if you have lower back pain that radiates into the buttocks or leg, you should always make an appointment with your doctor and, after an examination, receive the recommended treatment.

Why does swelling appear on the buttocks after an injection?

Several factors can cause swelling after an injection.

• The technique used to give the injection. Have you ever heard that 'clumps' don't appear after injections given by a nurse with a 'light hand'? There's some truth to that. 'An incorrect intramuscular injection site, injecting the drug too quickly or sticking the needle into a nerve or vessel can lead to 'lumps' after the injection' – says the specialist. 'In addition, clots may occur in response to a single injection of a large volume of drug or to frequent injections at the same site.' – adds Bulat Yunusov, surgeon at the GMS clinic.
• Allergic reaction. 'It can be caused by an excessive immune response to the drug,' adds the doctor. Or – on a mixture of drugs.
• 'Many patients who inject are sinning by mixing several different drugs in one syringe, which is strictly forbidden. This can lead to irreversible complications and severe allergic reactions,' says the doctor.
• The consistency of the drug. 'Oily solutions are the most common causes of swelling and edema,' says Bulat Yunusov. – These are drugs that are only injected intramuscularly. Such injections have a longer resorption time and therefore a higher risk of complications.
• Incorrectly selected needle. 'A needle that is too long or too short will result in the drug getting either into the very deep muscle layers or into the subcutaneous fat tissue, ie not into the muscle layer,' warns the doctor. – warns the doctor.
• Excessive muscle tension during the injection. Intramuscular injections should be performed with the muscles relaxed and preferably in the supine position.
• The patient's body weight. 'Body shape and weight are also factors to consider when injecting,' adds Bulat Yunusov. – Overweight patients have a lot of subcutaneous fat. Getting there, the drug inevitably leads to inflammatory changes (infiltrates, abscesses).

How to treat nodules on the buttocks?

Regardless of the cause of the painful post-injection nodules, you still need to treat them. 'Self treatment', especially with 'fresh' infiltrates, is definitely not a good idea as any infiltrate can both dissolve and erode. Let me explain in a moment what a 'fresh' infiltrate is. It is a lump that we find immediately after the injection or that is not older than 14 days. If the infiltrate is 1-2 months or older, the probability that it will fester is quite low, but the probability that it will completely resolve is also rather nil',' – says the specialist.

If there is no abscess, there are simple remedies such as gels, ointments and compresses. 'What remedy you need, how often and how long you should use it, the doctor decides after an examination and the necessary tests (ultrasound of the soft tissues)' says the doctor.

At home, bruises and infiltrations can be treated with safe means. "Moderate massaging of the injection site, squatting, and applying cold compresses to the swollen area are acceptable for the first 1-2 days after the onset," Bulat Yunusov recalls. – warns Bulat Yunusov.

'Nodules after injections can be treated with an iodine mesh, but it is better to see a surgeon who will prescribe physiotherapy'. – recommends the physiotherapist.

Physiotherapy is prescribed as an adjunct to the main treatment, helping to reduce its duration. Some of the most effective methods are:

• electrophoresis – Penetration of drugs into the skin and soft tissues under the influence of an electric field.
• UHF. 'This is the treatment of infiltration with a continuous or pulsed electric field in the ultra high frequency range',' – comments a doctor of a clinic in Moscow.
• phototherapy. Irradiation of problem areas with ultraviolet light in a narrow or wide range.

indications

'No-shpa' belongs to the category of myotropic anticonvulsant drugs. The active substance of the drug is drotaverine.

How does the drug Nospa work? The main action of Nospa is aimed at blocking the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which helps to eliminate spasms and relieve pain syndrome and associated symptoms of spasms of the smooth muscles of the stomach, intestines, bladder, bile ducts, uterus and other internal ones organs contributes. Another effect is to promote blood circulation in the tissues by widening the blood vessels.

Drotaverine belongs to the same group of substances as papaverine. However, it acts more selectively, is considered safer, and the therapeutic effect of taking No-Spa is most pronounced.

What ailments does No-Spa help with? Indications for taking No-Spa are painful sensations in the abdominal cavity, which occur against the background of smooth muscle contraction at:

• Digestive tract diseases (papillitis, enteritis, colitis, gastritis, gastric ulcer, cardiac spasms)
• Diseases of the urinary tract, cystitis
• Diseases of the bile ducts
• painful menstrual bleeding.

The drug is also prescribed for tension headaches.

The medicine is not prescribed to treat the underlying disease, but only to relieve unpleasant symptoms, which is why it is often part of combination therapy.

How should Nostropa be taken? When it starts to work

Adult patients are prescribed 'No-shpa' tablets in the following dosage: 1-2 tablets three times a day. The maximum daily dose is 6 tablets, which corresponds to 240 g of the active substance.

No studies have been conducted on the use of drotaverine in children. If your doctor has prescribed No-Spa for children with abdominal pain, the following dosage is recommended:

• Patients 6 - 12 years 1 tablet up to twice a day (this corresponds to 80 mg of the active ingredient)
• Adolescents 12 + 1 tablet up to 4 times daily or 2 tablets twice daily. The maximum dose is 4 tablets (equivalent to 160 mg).

It is recommended not to take the drug alone for more than two days. If your symptoms do not subside after this time, you should see your doctor.

How long does it take for Nostropa to work? The medicine works quite quickly: you will feel relief within 10 to 15 minutes. If the drug is administered by injection, the effect occurs after just 5 minutes. The effects of Nostropa last up to 6 hours depending on the severity of the symptoms.

When taken correctly, as prescribed by the doctor, No-Spa is well tolerated. Most side effects are due to overdose or allergic reactions. Drowsiness, headache, nausea and vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac conduction disorders (in severe cases) may occur.

'No-shpa' has no effect on mental performance and reaction time, but can lower blood pressure. If taking the drug has caused weakness and dizziness, it is advisable to refrain from driving and other activities that require increased concentration.

When should you see a doctor?

Many viral diseases do not pose a serious threat to the body. Symptoms are mild and pass without major complications within 7-14 days. However, such diseases can be difficult to treat. Some viral diseases are completely resistant to antibiotics and require special treatment and monitoring by specialists.

Symptoms for which it is necessary to see a doctor:

• A rash that lasts for a long time (more than 10 days) and shows no signs of improvement;
• fever greater than 39 degrees Celsius;
• Instead of spots, blisters with liquid form;
• The rash spreads very quickly all over the body;
• The rash causes severe pain;
• The lesions swell.

Particular attention should also be paid to the general condition of the patient. Loss of appetite, rapid fatigue and persistent weakness in which the patient is unable to carry out everyday activities indicate that a doctor should be consulted.

Pregnant women should pay attention to such symptoms, since viral diseases can negatively affect the health of the baby.

Important! If you experience symptoms of a viral disease during your stay in the tropics or after returning from the tropics, you should seek immediate medical attention. Such diseases can be very dangerous for a person's health.

Such diseases are quickly diagnosed. The doctor can determine the nature of the disease based on the rash and other characteristic symptoms. In most cases, a blood test is enough to confirm the diagnosis.

treatment and prevention

When treating such viral diseases, the doctor usually prescribes a course of antibiotics, depending on the nature of the disease.

Topical ointments or creams are prescribed to relieve symptoms. With large lesions, poultices are prescribed to enhance the effect.

Relieving the symptoms is not difficult, you can for example:

The most effective method of preventing such diseases is vaccination. These are usually given to children between the ages of 12 and 15 months. Vaccination is repeated at the age of 4-6 years.

It is important to remember that such diseases are contagious, so it is important to be able to isolate the sick person - or at least to provide healthy family members with personal protective equipment. At the same time, it is important that both patients and caregivers practice proper personal hygiene to reduce the risk of complications.

• soleus muscles of the foot.
• Tendon of the tibialis anterior muscle.
• Shin extensor muscles (tibialis extensor muscles).
• median soleus nerve.
• Longitudinal soleus muscle.
• Square soleus muscle.
• Root nodules in children.
• muscles in the legs.