How to treat clubfoot in a child

Kadenkova Evgenia Yurievna Not qualified

Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in children and adolescents

Ms. Yevgenia Kadenkova, district pediatrician at the Zhilovsky Medical Center, gave a lecture on the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in children and adolescents.

World Tuberculosis Day is celebrated on March 24th every year. On this day in 1882, the German doctor and microbiologist Robert Koch the discovery Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacterium is named Koch's mycobacterium in his honor.

tuberculosis – is a common infection that can be fatal. According to the WHO, about 10 % of the annual new infections are in children. The infection is particularly dangerous for small children: 80 % of all children who die of tuberculosis in one year are under five years old.

The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis can enter a child's body aerogenically, orally, by contact or mixed. Intrauterine tuberculosis infection can occur during childbirth.

Children at high risk of TB include:

• Children who did not receive BCG vaccination during the neonatal period;
• HIV infected;
• Children who receive long-term treatment with hormones, cytostatics or antibiotics
• Children living in poor sanitary, epidemiological and social conditions
• children who are often ill;
• children suffering from diabetes, etc.

In most cases, children become infected with TB at home and in the family, but epidemic outbreaks in kindergartens and schools are also possible.

Usually, the infection affects the intrathoracic lymph nodes (75-80 % of cases) or presents as the primary tuberculous syndrome (a form of tuberculosis that usually has no obvious symptoms. The lung lesion is usually closed).

In the early stages of primary tuberculosis infection, the disease is not accompanied by clear symptoms and may be asymptomatic. The onset of the disease is accompanied by tuberculosis poisoning. The symptoms:

diagnosis

tuberculosis screening. Currently, the Mantoux test with 2 TU and the Diascin test are used as the main screening tests for the mass detection of tuberculosis in children. If parents wish, these tests can be replaced with blood tests for tuberculosis (T-score, Quantitiferon test). At the age of 15 and 17, adolescents undergo prophylactic fluorography.

The multitude of clinical 'masks' and manifestations of tuberculosis in children makes timely diagnosis of the disease difficult. Therefore, children with suspected tuberculosis should always be referred to a pediatrician.

Causes of scoliosis in children

It is difficult to list all the causes of scoliosis, as there are in fact many. Since the skeletal system is still quite malleable and soft in childhood, there are many events that can lead to its changes. The most common include:

• Irregularly healing fractures
• Arthritis, as well as tuberculous lesions of the spine
• One of the most common causes is an irregular, sedentary lifestyle. Scoliosis occurs because the muscles that support the spine weaken and are no longer able to perform their function
• Bad feet (asymmetry in the legs)

symptoms of the disease

The difficulty in diagnosing this condition is that the symptoms of infantile scoliosis in the early stages are almost completely absent and barely noticeable. Only over time, as the problem worsens, will the signs become clearer.

• Pain that causes general weakness in the child's body
• Body asymmetry (one arm is higher than the other, one ear is higher than the other)
• The formation of bumps, humps. With scoliosis, the child's spine deforms so that one shoulder blade protrudes more than the other, causing a hump when tilted backwards
• Lameness, which can manifest itself as shoes slipping to varying degrees

types of squinting

Depending on the various symptoms, experts distinguish more than two dozen types of strabismus. Let's look at the most important of them.

So squinting in children under 12 months can be either right or wrong. In the latter case, squinting is not considered pathological and will pass on its own by the time the child is six months old. With false squinting, the appearance of asymmetrical eyes can be due to facial features such as narrow eyeballs or a wide bridge of the nose. Sometimes the eyes squint, which is due to the undeveloped eye muscles and the immaturity of the neural and visual centers.

Heterotropia in an infant does not require treatment. False squinting, characteristic of infants, spontaneously passes as the body develops and facial features change. However, if the symptoms persist until the first year of life, the child should be examined by an ophthalmologist. During the examination, the specialist will rule out or confirm genuine squinting.

Monocular and alternating squint

In children with strabismus, the visual axis of one or both eyes may be shifted. Depending on this, a distinction is made between monocular and alternating squinting. In monocular strabismus, an organ of vision is disturbed so that the brain does not receive any signals from it and vision in that eye is severely impaired. With alternating squinting of the right and left eyes, the brain receives signals from one organ and the other, visual function is much less impaired.

Primary and secondary squinting

Depending on the medical condition that precedes strabismus, it is divided into primary and secondary strabismus.

Thus, primary squinting develops against the background of refractive disorders, when the light rays from objects are focused not on the retina, but in front of it (with myopia or myopia), behind it (with hyperopia or farsightedness) or in several points (with astigmatism). . A moderate or severe ametropia therefore causes squinting.

In the case of secondary heterotropia, the triggers are diseases of the structures of the eye. This can be cataracts, diseases of the vitreous or the fundus of the eye.

Convergent and non-convergent strabismus

Convergent heterotropia is common in children, occurring in about 2-4 % of infants. In this form of squinting, the axis of one eye is shifted, or the right and left eyes squint alternately. However, the mobility of both eyes is preserved.

The degree of squinting eye mobility varies with uncoordinated and limited or absent squinting. The lack of eye mobility can be caused by severe head and eye trauma, paresis, or dysfunction of the eye muscles.

Convergent and divergent squinting

The most common form of strabismus in children is strabismus, or isotropy. In this case, both eyes converge towards the bridge of the nose in children or one of the eyes is crossed. False isotropy can occur in newborns, this form occurs in children up to 1 year of age. If true isotropy is found, treatment is required. If treatment is inadequate or ineffective, children with confluent strabismus may begin to lose close vision, that is, become farsighted.

Benign intracranial hypertension (BIP)

This is a type of IHD that can be classified as transient and is caused by a number of unfavorable factors. The condition of benign intracranial hypertension is reversible and does not pose a serious risk, since in this case the cerebral compression is not caused by the influence of a foreign body.

1. hyperparathyroidism;
2. disorders of the menstrual cycle;
3. stopping certain medications;
4. hypovitaminosis;
5. obesity;
6. pregnant women;
7. Vitamin A overdose, etc.

Mild intracranial hypertension is associated with impaired absorption or outflow of cerebrospinal fluid. Patients complain of headaches that are aggravated by movement and sometimes even by sneezing or coughing. The main difference between this disease and classic cerebral hypertension is that the patient does not show any symptoms of impaired consciousness, and the disease itself has no consequences and does not require special treatment. [adsen].

symptoms of the disease

It is important for parents of young children to learn to distinguish between the various illnesses affecting their child. There are a number of childhood diseases that are dangerous in the first year of life and have a cough as a symptom. The following are particularly noteworthy:

• whooping cough (pertussis). Sick children may cough from nervous hyperactivity, loud noises, or bright lights. Such seizures are easily recognized by wheezing and noisy breathing. The danger is that some children stop breathing because they cannot breathe.
• Wrong croup. With this disease, the child must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible. The only thing the parents can do is put the child in warm water in the bathroom until the ambulance arrives. Respiratory infections and allergies are causes of this condition. A sudden narrowing of the larynx in this condition is life-threatening.
• Obstructive bronchitis. In a child with this condition, sticky sputum collects in the lungs. It is very difficult for the child to get rid of it and cough it up. Exhaling is particularly difficult in this state. In this case, the child's cough should be treated by a pediatrician or otolaryngologist, who will prescribe not only medication, but also occlusion massage.
• Viral pharyngitis. An upper respiratory tract infection leads to constant physical weakness due to the persistent cough. Inhalations are the most effective treatment for such ailments.

The most common causes of cough in a child

A foreign body in the throat is a common cause of coughing. Moms and dads need to be able to respond quickly to such a problem. Usually, the presence of something in the throat is indicated by loss of voice, shortness of breath, skin irritation, and impaired consciousness. So, in a newborn, the cough is the body's attempt to clear itself of a blockage in the larynx. Adults who are near the baby should call emergency services immediately.

The main causes of pain are:

• The room in which the child is staying is very dry.
• Allergens are constantly present near the child.
• A viral infection.

In addition, cough can be a symptom of diseases such as SARS, pharyngitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, whooping cough, laryngitis, bronchitis, helminthiasis, tuberculosis.

diagnosis

An unpleasant symptom such as a cough can be a signal from the body that there is a serious illness. If the doctor suspects that the discomfort did not arise from a simple runny nose, then certain diagnostic methods are prescribed. This includes:

Basic methods for diagnosing cough in an infant

diagnostic technology.	Time
General blood test	10 mins
breast ultrasound	30 minutes
X-ray of the lungs	20 minutes

Which doctor treats a cough in an infant?

If your baby has a cough, you should see a pediatrician who will examine your baby and make the correct diagnosis.

Our specialists

Read more:

• How to cure a clubfoot.
• Child with clubfoot aged 8 years.
• 2 year old child with clubfoot.
• How to correct a clubfoot in a child.
• squinting in adults.
• A child begins to have clubfoot between the ages of 1 and 5.
• Child walking with clubfoot aged 2 years.
• kews is.