cruciate ligament of the foot latin

– Osteoarthritis (only if effusion and synovitis are present)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: list and prices

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used extensively to suppress inflammation in the body. NSAIDs are available in different forms: tablets, capsules and ointments. They have three main properties: antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic.

The best nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) can only be selected by a doctor based on the individual characteristics of the patient. Self-treatment in this case can result in serious side effects or an overdose. We advise you to consult the list of medications. The evaluation was made on the basis of value for money, patient opinions and expert opinions.

How do NSAIDs work?

Drugs from the group of NSAIDs inhibit platelet aggregation. The therapeutic properties are attributed to blocking the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and reducing prostaglandin synthesis. According to experts, they act on the symptoms of the disease, but do not eliminate its cause. Therefore, measures aimed at eliminating the primary mechanisms of pathology should not be neglected.

If it turns out that the patient does not tolerate NSAIDs, they are replaced with drugs from other categories. In such cases, a combination of anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving drugs is often used.

Practice shows that if the therapeutic effect turns out to be insufficient, it is not advisable to replace one drug with another from the same group. Doubling the dose can only lead to a clinically insignificant increase in effect.

• dysfunction of the intestines;
• internal bleeding;
• peptic ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum;
• edema of the lower limbs and face;
• increased blood pressure;
• Allergic reaction.

1. The capsules or tablets should be swallowed with plenty of water (at least 200 ml). This prevents the destruction of the gastric mucosa.
2. It is not recommended to take two different medicines on the same day. Otherwise, side effects may increase without increasing effectiveness.
3. Read the instructions for use carefully before taking the drug.

Principle of ligamentoplasty of the cruciate ligament

The cruciate ligament transplant is obtained from the tendon of the semitendinosus muscle (Mus musculus semitendinosus). This component of the knee joint is located on the back of the thigh. It is treated and stretched to achieve maximum strength. © Sebastian Kaulitzki, Fotolia

Numerous studies have shown that the best results are achieved with the following measures. cruciate ligament Numerous studies have shown that the best results in cruciate ligament fusion are achieved with endogenous implants.

For cruciate ligament reconstruction, the tendon is usually removed from the front of the knee joint. The patellar ligament or the tendon of the semitendinosus muscle are suitable for this minimally invasive procedure.

Since modern medicine offers endless possibilities, the specialists at the joint clinic will take into account the individual medical circumstances of the patient when choosing the treatment method.

ACL cruciate ligament plasty

ACL ligament repair is now the standard treatment when the anterior cruciate ligament is torn more than 50 % of its diameter.

There are several variants of the ACL technique. However, the principle is the same everywhere: the patient's autologous tendon serves as an autologous transplant in this part of the knee and replaces the torn joint component.

The tendon is pulled through a tunnel drilled in the femur and tibia. The transplant is then fixed in the tunnel.

The options differ as follows:

1. Selection of the graft– Semitendinosus tendon/gracilis tendon or patellar ligament tendon (patellar third tendon)

2. Choice of material for implant fixation (sutures, screws, polyethylene pins).

The type of implantation is determined individually before the operation.

Causes of plaque formation on the tongue

The main cause, of course, is poor oral hygiene. Not only the teeth, but also the tongue must be cared for. For this reason, there are toothbrushes that are suitable both for brushing teeth (bristles) and for cleaning the tongue - the back of such a brush is ribbed. Not all children can use a toothbrush due to their age, but toothbrushes with a ribbed surface are also ideal for this purpose.

However, plaque is not only caused by poor hygiene, but can also be caused by various oral health problems. At the first suspicion and occurrence of plaque on the tongue, you should first visit your dentist to rule out dental disease. The stomach or the entire digestive tract can also be a factor in plaque accumulation. The accumulation of plaque on the tongue in children can have various causes. The most common cause of tongue plaque buildup in infants is oral candidiasis. In adolescent children, plaque can form as a result of hormonal surges and an inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa known as juvenile gingivitis.

What does the plaque color on my tongue mean?

The color of plaque can tell something about a disease, a problem with a particular organ, or even a group of organs. However, to fully understand the process, the location of the plaque must also be considered; only by putting the two together can one determine with almost 100 percent certainty that it is the pathology.

The plaque on the tongue differs from the color of the tongue in most cases. The thicker the plaque, the more severe the pathological process. Plaque is the first sign of decreased immunity; from the thickness of the plaque on the tongue one can deduce whether the immune system (overall or local) is impaired.

Gastrointestinal disorders are indicated by a thick white plaque that indicates constipation. A thin plaque in the middle of the tongue indicates gastritis, and if the plaque is thick, it is likely that complications of gastritis have occurred or gastritis has become chronic. If the coating is on the base of the tongue, this can indicate an inflammatory bowel disease. Quiet, chronic bowel and stomach diseases, such as hyperacidity, are indicated by a gray coating. Yellow and black coating on the tongue indicates a problem with the gallbladder, spleen, and liver if it persists for a week. However, if it is temporary, it indicates a microbial imbalance in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract.

But white plaque and its shades can also indicate diseases of other organs: if plaque on the edges and in front of the tongue indicates a disease of the lungs, then a gradual darkening of the plaque indicates a complication of the disease - pneumonia.

Shape and size of the tongue - does it matter?

The shape and size of the tongue are just as important as the color of the tongue and the color of the plaque. It's important to remember that the tongue is part of the digestive tract and is practically at the beginning of digestion. If the tongue is swollen and enlarged, the first thing to do is to rule out gastrointestinal disease and an examination at the endocrinologist. A thick or wide tongue indicates a calcium or vitamin D deficiency, metabolic disorders or diseases of the lymphatic system. The condition can also indicate inflammation of the tongue itself or pituitary disease. A gradual decrease in tongue size or a sudden narrowing of the tongue can be suspicious, as can central nervous system disorders and general fatigue, including dehydration.

For a single dose.

Sometimes an analgesic is prescribed. This analgesic is a pyrazolone derivative. It works by blocking the action of prostaglandins. The drug helps to quickly relieve severe acute, stabbing and pressing pain. May lead to a decrease in the hemoglobin concentration in the blood. Passes the placenta and. May cause harmful effects on the fetus..

'Voltaren' is used in the first two thirds of pregnancy (NSAID, phenylacetic acid derivative, suitable for severe algae) and orthofen (from the same group, also strong analgesic effect). These drugs are then no longer used.

Painkilling ointments

During pregnancy there are unpleasant and painful sensations in the lower back, shoulders and ribs. This is caused by a shift in center of gravity. This problem is treated with local anesthetics - creams and ointments. Recommended:

• Traumel C For the treatment of post-traumatic conditions (sprains, dislocations, postoperative swelling). The ointment is allowed to be used with periarthritis, epicondylitis, styloarthritis, synovial bursitis, tendonitis. A small amount is applied 2-3 times/24 hours (the frequency of application should be discussed with a doctor) in a thin layer on the skin in the affected area and rubbed gently. The duration of treatment varies from 14 days to 1 month.
• Fastum gel. Refers to drugs from the group of NSAIDs. Main action: anti-oedematous, anti-inflammatory, analgesic. It is prescribed for trauma (bruises, torn ligaments), radiculitis, neuralgia, myalgia, bursitis and tendinitis. The gel is used in the first and second trimester and only in case of acute need.
• Diclofenac.It belongs to the drugs from the group of NSAIDs. It is used for muscle and joint pain caused by heavy physical exertion, as well as for inflammation, sprains, bruises, rheumatism, periarthropathy, osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis and other degenerative and inflammatory pathologies. Frequency and duration of use should be discussed with a gynecologist.

pharmacokinetics

heparin Is absorbed to a small extent. Binding to plasma proteins is up to 95%, V d - 0.06 l/kg. Does not cross the placenta and is not excreted in breast milk. Intense uptake by endothelial cells and cells of the mononuclear macrophage system, concentrated in the liver and spleen. Metabolized in the liver by N-desulfamidase and platelet heparinase and involved in heparin metabolism at a later stage. Desulfated molecules are converted to low molecular weight fragments by renal endoglycosidase. T 1/2 is 1-6 hours (average 1.5 hours), increases in obesity, liver and/or kidney failure, decreases in pulmonary embolism, infections and malignancies.

It is excreted via the kidneys mainly as inactive metabolites and only after high doses is excretion possible (up to 50%) in unchanged form. It is not cleared by hemodialysis.

Benzocaine is practically not absorbed after external application. It is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase in plasma and liver to para-aminobenzoic acid metabolites and excreted in the urine.

Active substance heparin ointment indication.

Superficial thrombophlebitis (prevention and treatment); post-infectious and post-infusion phlebitis; external hemorrhoids; postnatal lymphadenitis; trophic ulcers of the lower extremities; Elephantiasis; superficial periosteum; lymphadenitis; superficial mastoiditis; local infiltration and edema; Injuries and contusions (including muscle, tendon, joint), subcutaneous hematoma.

The route of administration and dosage regimen of a particular drug depends on its release form and other factors. The optimal dosage regimen is determined by the doctor. It should be strictly observed according to the dosage form of the drug in question, the instructions for use and the dosage regimen.

externally. The ointment is applied to the affected area in a thin layer, at the rate of 0.5-1 g per 3-5 cm in diameter.

About the disease.

This clinical syndrome, in which the foot looks like a horse's foot, can result from paresis of the foot or contractures of the ankle. The severity of the deformity can vary. In some (lighter) cases, the heel is only slightly raised in relation to the bearing surface, while in other (more severe) cases, the heel is significantly raised and the person only has their toes on the ground.

With a unilateral pathological process, walking function can be preserved, but it is impaired. With bilateral equinus (right and left foot), the affected person has extreme difficulty walking. The diagnosis of this syndrome is made on the basis of an objective examination and palpation, as well as additional tests. X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans help to objectively identify the abnormal position of the foot. Electromyography and podiatry are also indicated as part of the differential diagnosis.

The treatment of foot paresis and permanent contracture of the ankle can be carried out using different methods. In some cases, a conservative approach and the selection of orthopedic shoes are sufficient, while in other situations, foot paresis surgery is indicated. Your doctor will help you choose the optimal treatment program.

As with paralysis of the foot, the symptoms of clubfoot are subjective and objective:

• limited mobility of the ankle;
• Gait impairment (moderate to severe);
• lack of dorsiflexion (both voluntary and passive);
• Curvature of the foot with the toes below the heel, the degree of elevation can vary widely;
• pronounced rejuvenation of the skin on the most stressed sole of the foot (toes, metatarsal bones);
• thinning of the skin in the heel area;
• sharp raising of the lower limbs when walking with a strong flexion in the knee and hip joints (this is a forced action so that the foot does not stop on a horizontal surface when walking);
• Pain when walking (both local and throughout the leg).

The causes of balance foot can be congenital or acquired, the latter being the most common form. The pathology in question can occur alone or in combination with other foot curvatures, such as: the horsefoot variety (the foot is not only in pathologic plantar flexion, but is also deflected outward).

Acquired deformities are usually the result of neurological disorders (palsy of the foot). However, other causes are also possible:

• Joints - deforming ankle arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis;
• Muscular – inflammatory lesions of the muscle compartment of the lower leg, traumatic muscle injuries, including with an external fixation device;
• scarring that develops after deep burns and wounds;
• compensatory – the horse's foot is formed on a shortened limb, while the other leg is of normal length (this reaction is intended to ensure walking).

6 Effective Chin Reduction Methods

Let's look at the most effective methods to make chin disappear.

Take a look at this photo. In fact, excess fat often accumulates under the chin. When we lose weight, we get rid of the fat and with it the chin.

To get rid of the 2nd chin, you need to change your diet. Eat mostly fiber. Avoid greasy foods. Consume fewer calories.

The only downside to this method is that you can't just lose the fat under your chin. You need to exercise and lose weight overall (paying special attention to the facial muscles, of course).

Tip 2: Eat a diet low in salt and sugar.

Salt promotes water retention. Your body retains water - you get puffiness and a second chin on your face.

Do you drink much lots of clean waterto clean your system and prevent water retention.

Expert comment:

'Always have clean water available wherever you go.

Drink 1.5-2 liters on normal days. In summer even up to 2.5 liters. On flight days you should drink up to 2.8 liters, for men up to 3 liters.'

Tip 3: Fatty fish from the cold sea 3 times a week

Despite the recommendation to limit fat, eat oily fish three times a week. Oily sea fish provide your body with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that improve skin elasticity. If you have decided to lose your 2nd chin through dieting, it is important that you do not develop a turkey stalk after losing weight.

3 tips on how to get rid of a double chin fast

Tip 7 lipolytics and liposuction

If losing weight doesn't help reduce the appearance of your chin, your body may be treating your chin as a fat store. In such cases, exercise and diet are powerless. Then outside help is needed.

The easiest way is to get one Mesotherapy course with Michelangelo, a state-of-the-art lipolytic agent. It is a unique drug that is number 1 in European Union clinics.

Expert comment:

Without belittling the merits of Michelangelo, I want to talk about another new drug - Akvalix. It was launched in Russia only at the end of 2013.

This product is injected into the adipose tissue with a syringe (intralipotherapy method), but it competes in effectiveness with surgical liposuction!

With Aqualyx it only takes 10 minutes to get rid of a double chin.

You will see the result after just one treatment. Only 2 or 3 treatments are required to achieve a truly visible result. The method is very effective for women up to the age of 40-45 and for men up to the age of 60.

But this is not the only advantage of the procedure. Once the fat is eliminated, the skin shrinks. You and your friends will notice a clear lifting effect! The elimination of the chin even without additional treatments, your face will look 5-7 years younger!

The third option is laser liposuction of the second chin. It is carried out with a microcannula performed through tiny punctures in the skin, after which the traces heal within 4 days. The laser not only breaks up the fat. It shrinks and tightens and tightens the skin on the chin without the need for further treatments.

Limitations of use, interactions

The preparation should not be used if you are allergic to its components. It is not indicated in children under 15 years of age (gel) or 18 years of age (capsules) as it has not been studied in patients under 15 years of age. The capsule form should not be administered to patients with lactase deficiency or malabsorption syndrome.

According to the package insert, taking troxerutin and ascorbic acid at the same time increases the effectiveness of the treatment. No drug interactions have been reported.

Troxevasin for varicose veins

Troxevasin refers to effective phlebotherapy. It is prescribed for the treatment of varicose veins. The drug should be taken simultaneously in capsule and gel form. The duration of treatment can be up to three months.

The drug relieves the symptoms of the disease well and, if taken correctly (as prescribed), does not cause serious complications.

To achieve high effectiveness of treatment, it is important to combine the drug with exercise. The movement therapy activates the muscles of the lower legs and thighs, which promote the upward transport of venous blood. Exercise in the morning is mandatory.

Prolonged standing or sitting should be avoided. Lying horizontally for half an hour twice a day is advisable to relieve fatigue and congestion in the legs.

The phlebotomy treatment must be supplemented by compression therapy. Pantyhose, stockings, bandages of various sizes, colors and elasticity are products that correct blood flow. Compression products do not compress the leg and facilitate blood flow through the veins. Stockings and tights hardly differ from normal underwear. They are very comfortable to wear and do not change their properties even after washing.

Interactions with other medicines

The effectiveness of dexamethasone is reduced when taking rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin), primidone, ephedrine or aminoglutethimide at the same time. Dexamethasone reduces the therapeutic effect of hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensive agents, praziquantel and natriuretic agents; Dexamethasone enhances the effects of heparin, albendazole and potassium-containing natriuretics. Dexamethasone can alter the effect of coumarin anticoagulants.

Concomitant use of dexamethasone and high doses of glucocorticoids or b2-receptor agonists increases the risk of hypokalemia. Increased arrhythmogenicity and cardiac glycoside toxicity have been reported in patients with hypokalemia.

If oral contraceptives are taken at the same time, the half-life of glucocorticoids can be prolonged, which can lead to increased effects and side effects.

The simultaneous use of ritodrine and dexamethasone during labor is contraindicated, as it can lead to maternal death from pulmonary edema.

Concomitant administration of dexamethasone and metoclopramide, diphenhydramine, prochlorperazine, or 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptors) such as ondansetron or granisetron is effective in preventing nausea and vomiting caused by a Chemotherapy can be triggered with cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil.

Special indications.

In children, growth and developmental dynamics should be carefully monitored during long-term treatment. In children in the growth phase, glucocorticosteroids should only be used if there is a significant indication and under close medical supervision. In children under 14 years of age, it is advisable to take a 4-day break from treatment every 3 days to avoid growth failure during long-term treatment with the drug.

Children who have contact with measles or chickenpox patients receive a specific immunoglobulin during treatment.

In diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, bacterial and amoebic dysentery, high blood pressure, thromboembolic diseases, cardiac and renal failure, non-specific ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, newly created intestinal anastomosis, dexamethasone should only be used very cautiously and provided that the underlying disease can be adequately treated. In patients with a history of psychosis, treatment with glucocorticosteroids should only be given when the patient is in distress.

Glucocorticosteroid withdrawal symptoms can occur, particularly at high doses such as B. anorexia, nausea, somnolence, generalized musculoskeletal pain and generalized weakness. Relative adrenal insufficiency may persist for several months after drug discontinuation. If stressful situations arise during this period, glucocorticoids and, if necessary, mineralocorticoids are prescribed temporarily.

Before taking the drug, patients should be examined for the presence of gastrointestinal ulcers. Patients with a predisposition to this disease should be prescribed antacids for prophylaxis.

During treatment with the drug, the patient should follow a diet rich in potassium, proteins and vitamins, and less in fats, carbohydrates and sodium.

In patients with co-existing infections or septic disorders, treatment with dexamethasone must be combined with antimicrobial therapy.

• Which legs are considered long in women?.
• forearm refers to.
• Transverse arch of the foot Latin.
• Ankle of the right foot in Latin.
• Ankle injury, ICD code 10.
• Short flexor of the big toe Latin.
• pelvic bone Latin.
• Cambal Muscle Latin.