Child with clubfoot aged 8 years

Sometimes a PMPC is used for children with disabilities. Children with a disability confirmed by the committee can attend a mainstream school with an adapted program.

Rehabilitation of children after a fracture

In this article you will learn how to provide first aid, what rehabilitation measures are needed for children after fractures, and what exercises need to be performed.

Injuries in children are not uncommon because they are very mobile. If there are bruises and abrasions, parents know exactly what to do. But what about broken bones? Statistically, bone injuries in children occur at home, on the street and on the sports field.

Fractures of the upper limbs are twice as common as those of the lower limbs. The elbow joint and forearm bones are the most common locations.

Diagnosing a broken bone in a child is not difficult. Severe pain occurs after the injury. The area swells and bruises form. The limb becomes deformed. This can be determined in a health center using a machine test.

An ambulance should be called immediately in the following cases:

Danger! It is important not to contact the doctor too late. The lost time can lead to various complications.

Treatment.

For a simple fracture, conservative treatment is carried out. As a rule, a special bandage is applied to immobilize the person. A plaster cast is used to immobilize the limb, covering ⅔ of the limb and supporting the two adjacent joints.

X-rays should be taken during treatment to ensure that the bone fragments have not shifted again.

Traction is performed for fractures of the humerus, tibia and femur. The type of traction depends on age, location and type of injury. It helps prevent the fragments from shifting. In this type of upper limb injuries, treatment and rehabilitation of the child after a hand fracture is important.

If a dislocation has occurred, a closed reduction is performed as soon as possible after the injury. Anesthesia is an important step. With good anesthesia, the doctor can perform the reduction with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Anesthesia is carried out on an inpatient basis, usually under local anesthesia. A novocaine solution is injected into the area of the hematoma.

Surgical treatment is carried out in the following cases:

• For periarticular and intraarticular fractures with displacement;
• More than two reductions;
• Open fractures with soft tissue injuries;
• When the bones grow together irregularly, leading to deformities;
• Injuries that are pathological in nature.

Open reduction is performed with minimal trauma. Metal structures are rarely used for proper joint fusion in children. Bone grows back faster in children than in adults.

If the fixation was brief, there is little or no rehabilitation after a compression fracture in children, and the joint was loaded early, there is a high probability of re-injury.

Unhealed bones and pseudoarthritic joints are almost uncommon in children. If the contact between the fragments is inadequate, this can lead to long-term non-union of the bone.

Dangerous Symptoms

Parents shouldn't always worry about a cracking joint. However, there are situations where ignoring it can be dangerous.

Worrying symptoms may include the following

• redness and swelling around the joint;
• The appearance of a systematic crunching sound from the affected joint;
• difficulty stretching limbs;
• The child becomes restless and cries while grinding;
• the symptoms last for a long period of time.

If your child has these symptoms, it is important to go to a medical center as soon as possible.

Causes of smacking

In newborns

Young mothers are very concerned about the health of their newborns, and this is no wonder: at this age, anomalies are especially common. What worries parents is the crunching in the joints.

There can be many reasons for this:

1. The age. Until the age of 1 year, the joints may crunch due to their growth. This is because the connective and muscle tissue is still developing at this age. As soon as the child begins to walk independently, this symptom disappears.
2. Inherited predisposition. Infants may inherit inadequate joint, bone, or ligament development from their parents.
3. Inflammatory processes in the joints. If a pathological process develops, the noise may be heard frequently and the child cries and behaves anxiously. Such a condition is medically known as arthritis. The knee is most commonly affected and treatment should be initiated as soon as possible to avoid dangerous complications.
4. hip dysplasia. When it develops, it causes asymmetry of the groin folds, difficulty in extending the limbs, and legs of different lengths. It is a disorder that requires more attention.

Interesting!!! Treatment of dysplasia is effective in children; the older, the worse the prognosis.

In children between the ages of 3 and 8 years

If a crunch in the joints appears at this age, parents should be vigilant, as this is most often an indication of the development of a pathological process.

A number of factors can be responsible for this symptom

1. Growth. The joints crunch because the body is growing very intensively. Doctors attribute this to the norm. The musculoskeletal system develops quickly, but synovial fluid is not produced in sufficient quantities. This is the cause of the cracking noises.
2. Vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies in the body. During the period of active growth, children need more nutrients than ever. The most important ingredient for healthy joints is calcium, which is the cause of cracking.
3. Lack of 'fluids. If the body does not contain enough water, the fluid content in the joints drops rapidly. The joint components become less flexible, leading to grinding.
4. Overuse of physical strength. It is necessary to accustom the child to sports gradually, otherwise the body will not have time to adapt and will make itself felt with many symptoms, of which the crunch is no exception.
5. injuries. Children are particularly more likely to get injured. These can lead to pathological changes.

Wet cough in children – causes, symptoms and treatment of cough with sputum in children

Coughing is a reflex, a defensive reaction of the body to all kinds of irritants - bacteria, viruses and allergens. In children, it is a common symptom of many illnesses, from the common cold to serious illnesses such as pneumonia. A distinction is made between acute cough (duration up to 3 weeks), subacute cough (duration up to 8 weeks) and chronic cough (duration longer than 8 weeks). Cough can also be dry or wet with sputum.

Sputum is the substance that accumulates on the walls of the respiratory tract when a pathological process develops. Depending on the disease, sputum can have the following characteristics:

• purulent – in the case of a bacterial pathological process;
• mucous – in case of inflammation;
• serous – in case of pulmonary edema;
• bloody – in case of tuberculosis or respiratory tumors.

Regardless of the type of sputum, it must escape from the respiratory tract, so excessive obstruction is dangerous.

In this article we will look at wet cough in a child. How can a child get rid of a wet cough? How is mucus removed in a child, how to treat a wet cough and can you use inhalations to treat a wet cough? All of these and other important questions are answered below.

Cough with phlegm in a child.

A wet cough with sputum in a child is a symptom of an inflammatory process occurring in the bronchi or even in the bronchioles and alveoli. A wet cough can also indicate pneumonia. Parents need to know that a wet cough is often the second stage of an infection, while the disease begins with a dry cough. A wet cough with sputum can be caused by the following diseases:

What documents should I prepare for the pedagogical assessment?
What documents should I prepare for a pedagogical exam?

The organization of the PMPC may vary from city to city in Russia. To find out about the conditions of the commission in a particular city, it is best to use the PMPC navigator.

Approximate list of documents for the commission:

• Identity card of parents or other legal representative;
• Child's ID card (the PMPC cannot be carried out without the child);
• Certificate from the child's school or kindergarten teacher;
• Copies or originals of the child's written and creative works
• An extract from the child's medical record;
• An application form if the parent is the initiator of the commission (an application form is available at the local PMPC office or can be downloaded from the commission's website);
• consent to the examination if the child was referred to the commission by an educational institution;
• For children with disabilities, additional documents may be required: a medical certificate, a certificate from the medical and social expert office.

➥ Become a PMPC teacher by completing our institute's program. In a short time you will learn to work in a committee for the comprehensive diagnosis of children and will be able to find a job in educational institutions, rehabilitation centers and speech therapy offices. Classes at our institute are completely remote.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Holisal® gel has no age restrictions. It can be used by both children and adults. It should be used with caution in children under 1 year of age. 1

During teething in children, it is sometimes necessary to relieve both pain and inflammation; Holisal® gel is used for this purpose.

The pain-relieving effect can begin 2-3 minutes after application and lasts up to 8 hours 1 .

Holisal® should be used with caution in children under 1 year of age. There are no known cases of overdose of Holisal®.

Holisal® Gel contains 2 active ingredients: choline salicylate and cetalcone chloride 1.

Choline salicylate is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and can therefore reduce inflammation and pain. Choline salicylate also has antibacterial and antifungal effects. Cetalkonium chloride is an antiseptic and helps fight bacteria, fungi and viruses1.

Holisal® gel is able to have a local anesthetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effect1.

Holisal® is used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic1. The product is used in the treatment of periodontal diseases, injuries to the oral mucosa, inflammatory and painful conditions, such as:

• stomatitis of various etiologies;
• gingivitis;
• periodontitis;
• Damage to the mucous membrane caused by wearing dentures;
• trauma to the oral mucosa;
• pain associated with teething in children;
• cheilitis;
• oral candidiasis;
• minor jaw surgery procedures;
• Lichen planus, if it is located on the oral mucosa;
• Oral mucosal lesions in Stevens-Johnson syndrome (as part of complex therapy) 1 .

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The daily routine of a 6 month old baby

The older your baby gets, the more alert he or she becomes. It takes between 13 and 15 hours of sleep, including around 11 hours at night. An infant usually goes to bed three times during the day (morning, before lunch and in the afternoon). The total duration of daytime sleep is about 3-4 hours. At this age, the child already follows a regular daily rhythm. Daytime and nighttime sleep occur at approximately the same time.

By the age of six months, the baby's motor skills and interest in the things around him are improving. Take advantage of this – and stimulate his cognitive abilities. For example, if your baby is holding two toys, offer him a third. At first, your child will try to get it without letting go of the first two. However, over time he will understand that he needs to have at least one hand free to get the third toy.

Finger games are good for the early development of a 6 month old baby. The simplest 'Magpie White Head' not only helps to keep the baby busy and distracted, but also promotes fine motor skills. Toddlers also love to have hiccups. Teach your baby to clap his hands to the rhythm of a simple song and he will love it.

Many parents wonder whether baby jumpers can be used for babies 6 months and older. Orthopedists advise against this: the baby's spine and muscles are not yet developed enough to withstand such a heavy load. Doctors recommend only putting on jumpers when the child is able to sit upright without support - and stopping using them when the child begins to walk independently. Due to orthopedic and neurological conditions, baby jumpers are not recommended for children over 6 months old.

Health: What should you pay attention to?

The development of a 6-month-old toddler largely depends on the condition of the child. If the toddler is healthy, he or she is actively interested in the world around him, gets to know the toys available and makes contact with his parents and other relatives. However, if something is wrong with him, his development slows down.

Here are some of the problems that parents of a six-month-old child may face

Disturbances in bowel movements

If your baby is suffering from constipation or diarrhea, you need to look for the cause of this condition. The first step is to review the nursing mother's diet if the child is breastfed. If complementary foods have already been introduced, you should check whether the new product has caused the 'stool disorder'.

Belching

By the age of 6 months, this problem is usually less pronounced as the baby becomes more active. However, if you experience frequent belching, especially with colic and stool disorders, you should consult a doctor.

teething

At 6-7 months, babies usually develop their first teeth - the lower central incisors. After some time, the upper central incisors may also appear. Teething is very worrying for the baby. Many babies cry, don't sleep, don't eat, and are naughty. Teethers help relieve teething problems and make teething more comfortable for the baby.

injuries

What does an active 6 month old baby do? It crawls and rolls. Therefore, never leave your baby unattended and especially not on a high sofa or an unmade bed. If your baby falls, seek medical attention as soon as possible, even if he has no external injuries.

You already know what your baby can do at 6 months and what parents should know about this exciting time. Watch your baby and don't miss a single moment in his life - it won't happen again. Soon he will not only crawl, but also stand, then walk with support, and one day he will let go of your hand and walk independently. Read about how your child is developing in the following articles on the website.

• A child begins to have clubfoot between the ages of 1 and 5.
• 2 year old child with clubfoot.
• Child walking with clubfoot aged 2 years.
• How to treat clubfoot in a child.
• Child with Komarovsky clubfoot.
• At what age do girls' legs grow?.
• How a child's feet grow at the age of one.
• The child walks on its toes.