Are human legs the same?

Dual Wielding is either learned through rigorous training or is genetically innate. Experts estimate that only 1 % of babies are truly born ambidextrous, despite previous erroneous claims that we are all born ambidextrous.

So similar and yet so different

On the last Sunday of May, the whole world celebrates Gemini Day. It is customary to congratulate not only the heroes of this day, but also their parents. Raising twins is not an easy task that requires a lot of effort and patience, but all efforts always pay off twice. After all, hardly anyone can deny that there is an invisible, strong bond between the twins, which accompanies them in life. Today we want to tell you how Gemini are, what amazing facts are connected with them and reveal the mysteries of the stellar siblings.

' Do you have twins? Why aren't they the same?' – Moms and dads of twins confess: Almost every day you have to patiently explain the difference to people. On the playground or in the shop there is always a curious passer-by.

These are children born of the same pregnancy and born at almost the same time. But external identity is not a necessary feature.

Twins can be monozygotic (identical, identical twins) and fraternal (identical twins, twins). Identical twins result from the division of a single egg cell. They are identical in gene set, have the same appearance, sex, blood group and Rhesus factor and differ only in their fingerprints.

Fraternal twins – so-called dizygotic twins – are formed through the fertilization of two egg cells. The twins have a different set of genes and look similar to each other as normal siblings.

A combination of monozygotic and dizygotic variants is also possible. If two eggs are first fertilized and then one of them divides into two copies, you get triplets. Triplets can also be just identical - which is very rare - or they can be different.

Statistically, fraternal twins are more common than identical twins. Several factors can contribute to this, such as E.g. hereditary predisposition, IVF procedure, mother’s age over 35, etc.

Twins in Russia and in the world

The number of twin births is increasing every year. Already every 42nd person in the world has a twin brother or sister, a total of 1.6 million babies are born every year. About a third of these are identical twins, the rest are fraternal twins.

In Russia in 2020 17 227 twins and 213 triplets were born. The Federal State Statistical Service also described the most 'fertile' regions in recent years: Moscow and St. Petersburg topped the list, Sverdlovsk Oblast took second place, Moscow Oblast third, Tyumen Oblast fourth, and Krasnodar Oblast and Tatarstan shared fifth place. In the last decade, the highest number of quadruplets was recorded in 2015, when quadruplets were born in five Russian regions - Kalmykia, Yakutia, and the Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara regions.

Russia even has a 'twin village' - Denisovsky village in the Rostov region. In the last 50 years alone, 50 pairs of twins have been born here. In the 2010s there were as many as 150 pairs of twins for every 1,000 inhabitants - now that many people have moved away, there are fewer. But so many pairs of twins in one village is still rare.

According to research, 30 % more twins are being born worldwide today than there were 40 years ago. And while African countries were once considered world leaders in twin births, today only a little over 40 % of all twins in the world are from Africa. In contrast, the number of twin births increased by 71 % in North America and by 58 % in Europe. In South Korea, twins are being born three times as often as they were 30 years ago. The researchers believe that the main reason for this increase is the spread of IVF: the probability of giving birth to twins or triplets using this reproductive method is over 20 %. Another reason is that many women don't have children until later in life, and the likelihood of having twins increases with age.

How can you tell if a child is ambidextrous?

By the age of 4 or 5, you may notice that your child is using both hands with equal confidence. Without thinking twice, it operates with both right and left hands with ease, constantly switching between the two while playing or working. These abilities indicate a predisposition to HT writing, but this can only be properly recognized once the child has learned to write and can easily switch from writing with the left hand to writing with the right hand and vice versa.

When learning to write, a simple test is recommended to clearly identify who the child is. Have the child hold a pen or pencil in each hand and try to write a word with both hands at the same time. When it can do this with ease, it is ambidextrous. Don't pay attention to the slant of the letters, because it doesn't matter.

What are the characteristics of ambidextrous children?

The biggest advantage of having an ambidextrous child is that they have many opportunities to develop. This trait is not a guarantee of unlimited success, but achieving this trait requires less effort and skill than ordinary people. For example, athletic performance is easy for people who use their right and left hands equally, leaving their competitors far behind. The same applies to music and art, as well as professions that require the use of two hands or feet at the same time.

The disadvantages of ambidextrous children include hyperactivity, high emotionality and attention deficits. They are often anxious, impulsive and have trouble controlling their emotions.

Metabolism can be increased by accelerating digestion and elimination.

lie ! Eating a lot and going to the bathroom very often are not signs of a fast metabolism. Rather, they are symptoms of a disturbed bowel function.

Metabolism is the work of every cell in the body in terms of energy use. This includes various processes, e.g. B. Respiration, digestion, blood circulation, heat storage. So, taking products that speed up bowel movements does not speed up metabolism, but only increases the number of trips to the toilet and the speed with which they are performed.

Your metabolic rate can be checked at any clinic

lie down ! Neither hormones nor glucose nor any other indicators are a 100%iger indicator of metabolism.

Thyroid hormones and testosterone affect metabolic rate. Hormone testing is necessary, as is muscle-to-fat ratio and BMI, but these are just single factors. Metabolism is studied in special metabolic rooms, where everything is measured - both the temperature emitted and the amount of exhaled gases, excreted liquids and other substances.

Diagnosis and treatment in the university clinic on the first visit!

Diagnostic methods for onychomycosis

Changes in nail color and brittleness should be a reason to see a dermatologist. Do not substitute your doctor and do not make the diagnosis yourself - you could be wrong: nail changes can have another cause.

The doctor makes the diagnosis based on a visual examination (possibly under a microscope). Laboratory diagnosis is performed to confirm the diagnosis. Also, it is necessary to determine the type of pathogen (this will help prescribe the most effective treatment).

During the examination, the doctor will take swabs from the affected nail plate. If only the free edge of the nail is affected, a smear of the epithelium under the nail is also taken.

Microscopy is performed in the laboratory. A culture test is also performed (the material is placed in a favorable environment to see if a fungal colony develops). Culture tests can be used to determine which fungi caused the disease.

Make an appointment with a specialist in the family doctor network to accurately diagnose the disease.

Methods of treating nail fungus

Treatment for onychomycosis is to remove the affected part of the nail. Further treatment is carried out with topical antifungal agents (ointments, drops, sprays and varnishes). For larger lesions, the doctor may prescribe systemic antifungal drugs (tablets).

As fungal activity increases in immunity problems, suggested treatment may include measures to improve overall immunity.

Topical agents (ointments, creams, drops) are best applied to the exposed nail bed. Treatment of the affected area may only be discontinued after the period prescribed by the doctor. Before stopping treatment, the doctor will likely take another swab test to confirm the absence of the fungus in a laboratory. Otherwise, there is a high risk of relapse.

Don't treat yourself on your own. Contact our specialists who will diagnose and treat you correctly.

A bit of theory

A bruise that forms on the body is called a hematoma. It is painful when touched. A bruise is caused by internal bleeding. The injury causes tiny capillaries to burst and blood and blood enters the soft tissues. The result is a hematoma. Over time, the hemoglobin begins to break down. It breaks down into bilirubin (which turns blood red-yellow) and biliverdin (which turns blood green-yellow). Therefore, the bruise changes color over time.
As the hematoma resolves, the color will decrease in intensity.

Depending on the strength of the impact, the bruise heals at different speeds. There are three types of bruises:

• bruise Light push. Sometimes this injury is not felt at all. The spot is painless and disappears within a few days.
• Injury of noticeable severity. A palpable, painful bruise develops. Usually the muscles are affected. It usually takes 1-2 weeks for the bruise to go away completely.
• A pretty serious injury. Tendons can be affected. It is characterized by the formation of a large hematoma. Even light touches can cause severe pain. It can take up to 5 weeks for the effects of the injury to heal.

What are the causes of frequent bruising?

Some people find that they bruise for no reason or after a minor injury. bruises. There is a certain regularity in the occurrence of bruising. With bruises there is a tendency to tearing blood vessels can be caused by the following factors.

Age-Related Changes
It is obvious that the body weakens with age. The vessel wall becomes weaker. It no longer has the elasticity that the vessel wall has the vessel wall which the vessel wall possessed in its youth. For this reason nest be damaged by even a small impact. In addition, the subcutaneous fat layer thins with age. And the fat acts as a shock absorber.

Excessive physical exertion
Excessive exertion can cause capillary rupture. The result is bruising. These are not dangerous, but signal that the exposure must be reduced.

taking certain medications
Some medications reduce blood clotting blood. Taking these medications can cause bruising. These drugs belong to the group of anticoagulants.

The body lacks certain substances
That's so. This is called hypovitaminosis. A vitamin K deficiency, for example, can cause coagulation disorders. blood clotting. A lack of ascorbic acid increases the fragility of the capillaries.

endocrine disorders
Occurs most often in women. For example, bruising can result from a lack of estrogen in the body. This happens especially during z. B. the menopause i pregnancy.

Diseases blood Diseases of the blood and circulatory system
The appearance of bruises may indicate a serious abnormality in the body. If the bruising is caused by an illness blood i vascular diseaseThey always heal slowly.

chromosome theory

The concept of this theory states that the transmission of genetic information in successive generations occurs through the transmission of chromosomes, in which the genes are arranged in a linear sequence.

This theory was formulated at the beginning of the 20th century. The American geneticist Thomas Morgan made a significant contribution to its development.

• Genes are arranged in a linear sequence in chromosomes
• Each gene occupies a specific position in the chromosome: a locus
• Genes located on the same chromosome form a linkage group
• Gene linkage can be disrupted by crossingover
• The frequency of crossing over between genes is directly proportional to the distance between them
• The distance between genes is measured in morganins (1 morganin corresponds to 1% crossingover)

linking groups

The previous article explained the nature and application of Mendel's third law, the law of independent inheritance, which is based on genes located on different chromosomes. But what if the genes are on a single chromosome? Such genes form a linkage group, and in this case one speaks of linked inheritance.

A linkage group is a set of all genes that are on the same chromosome and are therefore inherited together. The number of linked groups corresponds to the haploid chromosome set: a female has 23 linked groups (23 pairs, XX sex chromosomes), while a male has 24 linked groups (X and Y are two separate groups).

gene linkage

In his experiments, Thomas Morgan studied the inheritance of characteristics of the fruit fly Drosophila: gray (A) to black (a) body color, long (B) to rudimentary (b) wings. In the first experiment, Morgan crossed pure fruit fly lines: gray with long wings (AABB) and black with embryonic (aabb).

Learn the rules of stroke

'Why do I need them', you will say, 'I'm a fairly healthy person and there are young, dynamic people in my circle of relatives and friends'. Unfortunately, stroke rarely cares about the age of those affected. Undoubtedly, men over 45 and women over 55 are at risk, but nowadays stroke is not uncommon in people in their 30s or just turned 25. The younger a person is, the fewer symptoms of a stroke are to be expected, and the longer he is without help and the worse the consequences of a brain catastrophe.

If you are not feeling well or think your condition is serious, do not hesitate. Call 103 .

Smile - talk - hold hands up

The symptoms of a stroke usually develop very quickly. The scenario is more or less the same, only the order in which they occur may vary. The sufferer usually begins with a severe, unbearable headache and complains that the head is literally 'throbbing'. Gait may change, become unsteady or fall, and there may be paresis (numbness) in the limbs or face. Stroke is characterized by unilateral paresis, in which muscle weakness occurs only on the left or right side of the body. There is a twisting of the mouth and even a change in facial features. Speech becomes slurred or slows down, or vice versa, the person speaks very quickly but is not understood. There may also be foggy eyes, blurred vision, difficulty articulating thoughts and choosing words.

Doctors recommend remembering three basic techniques for recognizing the symptoms of a stroke: smiling - looking away - hands off (hands off)

1. Ask the person to smile. When you have a stroke, the smile is 'crooked' because the muscles on one side of the face are much less able to listen.
2. TALK to the person and ask them to answer a simple question, such as: E.g.: 'What is your name?'. Usually, in a moment of cerebral catastrophe, the person cannot even say their name coherently.
3. Ask the person to raise both hands at the same time. Usually the person will not be able to do this because one side of the body is less able to listen.

hymen

Hymen and virginity are two big differences!

virginity –
is the absence of past and present intercourse, the innocence of the girl and the condition of the person before the first intercourse. Traditionally, female virginity means the anatomical integrity of the hymen and its non-participation in any form of sexual intercourse. However, deviations are possible: due to its anatomical structure and its extensibility, it can remain intact even after several sexual acts, while at the same time it can be damaged, for example by instruments used during a gynecological examination or as a result of trauma, intensive practice of certain sports, etc. A hymen is no guarantee of a girl's actual virginity, any more than a damaged hymen is a sure sign of previous sexual experiences!

hymen –
(Med. Greek. Latin hymen, skin, hymen) is a connective tissue mucosal fold between the vestibule and the vaginal cavity that covers the entrance to the vagina. It has small openings of different sizes and shapes for the outflow of menstrual blood. It is the only organ that does not change in size from birth. Typical types of hymen (depending on the shape and number of holes): circular (with a hole in the middle); Crescent, tubular, spongy, keeled, cylindrical.

The hymen has a more utilitarian function in the female body – or rather in the body of the Virgo. It has the same role as the lips of the mouth: it serves as a boundary between the external and internal environments (in this case, the vaginal environment). During the first intercourse, the defloration is usually torn, leaving only shreds and remnants of the hymen (after birth they are called 'hymen warts'). If the hymen is thick, its structure is compact, and attempts at first sexual intercourse have been unsuccessful and extremely painful for a long time, a girl can develop artificial vaginismus.

location of the hymen

It is located in the vaginal opening near the vagina, at a distance of about 2-3-4 cm. If you bend your knees, spread your hips and use your fingers to spread the labia majora and minora to the side, you will find the hymen deep inside. The location of the hymen in each girl is individual, so it is difficult to determine its presence or absence without special knowledge. It usually has small holes, usually 1-2, of varying sizes and shapes.

Types of hymen
(Depending on the shape and number of holes):
* round (with 1 hole in the middle);
* crescent shaped,
* tubular,
* spongy,
* keeled
cylindrical * not perforated (blind)
* non-perforated (blind)
* micro-perforated.

Frequently asked questions about

Features of the structure.
The internal structure of the hymen of each girl is individual (size, appearance, shape, thickness, density, supply of blood vessels and nerves), so tolerance to a violation of its integrity - a tear at the first sexual intercourse - is different in everyone. At a young age (16-20 years), the violation of the hymen, the violation of its integrity during defloration, is usually easier and associated with less blood loss than at an older age (after 25 years). It is not uncommon for sexual intercourse to be partially disrupted by stretching the orifice while the hymen remains intact for a long time.

Why is it important for a girl to know the answer to the question 'What is my hymen?' to know?
First, the gynecologist can determine the type of hymen by examining it in the dental chair and giving you the details of the defloration that will take place (degree of pain, amount of blood) and can also advise you on how to minimize discomfort during the first intercourse . Secondly, only a gynecological examination can determine whether the hymen is intact or damaged.

How is the ultrasound examination of the blood vessels of the lower limbs performed?

The ultrasound scan of the blood vessels of the lower limbs takes about 30 minutes. The doctor lubricates the examination site on the leg with a gel that makes it easier for the transducer to slide over the body and reduces background noise. During the screening examination, the patient is placed in a standing, lying or sitting position. The diagnostician asks the patient to take the appropriate position in order to receive the necessary information. Once the ultrasound machine is on and ready to use, the doctor moves the probe in different directions along the leg, providing a real-time picture of the condition of the veins and arteries in the lower limb.

• The lateral side is.
• Gum disease on feet.
• The leg of a healthy person.
• Arching of the foot in man.
• A tricky stump.
• Closed Foot Injury.
• Why the legs are longer than the body.
• The baby has short legs.