Anterior ligament of the fibula head

What causes hormonal imbalance?

Table of contents

pain in the knee joint
Causes of tendinopathy
Types of tendinopathy
Cystic fibrosis: treatment and prevention
Prevention of mastopathy

pain in the knee joint

Knee joint pain can have many causes, but before we talk about it, we need to understand how the knee joint works.

The knee joint is not only the largest joint in the human body, but also the most complex. It consists of three bones: the thigh bone (femur) at the top, the shinbone (tibia) at the bottom, and the kneecap (patella) at the front of these bones. The femur and tibia each have two elongated joint heads - the outer and the inner. The outer condyle is called the lateral condyle (from the Latin word lateralis, outside) and the inner condyle is called the medial condyle (from the Latin word medialis, inside). The main movement of the knee joint is flexion, with the kneecap resting in the hip socket between the outer and inner condyles of the thigh.

Between the femur and tibia bones are the menisci - crescent-shaped layers of cartilage that increase the stability of the joint by increasing the contact area of the bones, acting as shock absorbers, and performing several other important functions, which you can learn more about in the article about meniscus tears.

The outer part of the joint is covered by the capsule. The inner layer of the capsule is called the synovial sheath. The knee joint contains synovial fluid that lubricates the cartilage so it can glide. The synovial fluid also supplies the cartilage with nutrients.

The stability of the bones in relation to each other is ensured by the ligaments of the knee joint. The most important ligaments of the knee joint are the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, the tibial collateral ligament (internal collateral ligament) and the medial collateral ligament (external collateral ligament).

Causes of tendinopathy

Tendinopathy can affect people of all ages, but is more common in athletes. It also occurs in older people because tendons lose their elasticity and become weaker with age. This means that the joint can no longer move freely. Age-related changes also occur in the blood vessels that surround the tendons. This worsens the extent of the disease.

Tendinopathy is divided into tendinitis of the knee, shoulder, hip, wrist and Achilles tendon (which connects the calf muscle to the heel bone). The patient suffers from discomfort that makes it difficult for him to carry out simple activities such as putting on clothes. The disease must be diagnosed early as the symptoms are similar to those of arthritis and ligament inflammation. A preliminary diagnosis is difficult, and the inflammation turns into a chronic form.

Rheumatoid arthritis.
Excessive strain on the muscle.
Injuries (bruises, torn tendons).
Immune system disorders.
Metabolic disorders (obesity) or problems of endocrine origin (diabetes).
Infectious processes affecting connective tissue.
Inflammatory conditions, joint wear.

The predisposing factors also include thermal damage to the tendon - thermal injuries. Climbers, mountaineers and hikers are affected by this type of injury. In most cases, the hand, wrist, ankle and leg areas are affected.

Anatomical peculiarities are a rare cause of tendinopathy. If the tendons do not have a smooth surface, they become sensitive and become inflamed and irritated very easily. In this case, surgery is often required to resolve the problem.

Types of tendinopathy

There are several types of tendinopathies: The classification depends on the location of the lesion.

Lateral epicondylitis ('tennis elbow') causes pain on the outside of the elbow joint.

Medial epicondylitis ('golfer's elbow') is a condition that causes pain on the inside of the elbow. It occurs in people with jobs that require repetitive movements of the elbow (e.g. construction work).

Knee tendinopathy is an injury to the tendon at the bottom of the kneecap or the quadriceps tendon at the top of the kneecap. It is a common type of injury, especially among basketball players and long-distance runners.

Carpal tendinopathy most often manifests itself as de Kerwen's disease, a pathology that causes pain in the back of the wrist at the base of the thumb. Sometimes the pathological condition develops during pregnancy.

Rotator cuff tendinopathy of the shoulder presents as a dull, aching pain that is not limited to a specific area. It often radiates to the shoulder and chest. They increase at night and prevent sleep.

Achilles tendon disease is rarely caused by conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, gout, or rheumatoid arthritis. The development of pathology is preceded by prolonged flexion and extension of the foot or wearing ill-fitting footwear. The pain occurs in the back of the heel or a few centimeters above the heel.

Cystic fibrosis: treatment and prevention

In the initial stages, the disease does not cause the woman much discomfort. Many people don't even see a specialist. The nodules can also resolve on their own due to natural hormonal changes. However, you shouldn't risk your health and your future: if you discover a lump in your breast that doesn't go away during your cycle, you should see a doctor.

Depending on the form and stage of the disease, specialists use different methods of treating mastopathy. Drug therapy may include the administration of various drugs:

hormonal agents,
diuretics and sedatives;
anti-inflammatory drugs;
Drugs that regulate tissue hypertrophy (e.g. indole-3-carbinol);
antioxidants (e.g. resveratrol, vitamin E, beta-carotene);
hepatoprotectors;
Iodine preparations.

Some products can combine several components of mastopathy therapy. Imaston, for example, contains two active ingredients: indole-3-carbinol and resveratrol in effective amounts. Together, they slow cell proliferation, protect breast tissue from the harmful effects of excess estrogen, and contribute to the destruction of cells that are not dividing properly.

Prevention of mastopathy

First and foremost, all girls and women are advised to regularly self-examine their breasts. It is equally important to consult a doctor in case of cycle disorders, as they are often caused by hormonal disorders that underlie the development of mastopathy.

Caffeine has been proven to have a negative effect on women's hormonal balance, which is why doctors recommend limiting the consumption of coffee and strong tea as much as possible.

Another important factor in maintaining normal hormone levels and a woman's health is regular sexual activity.

If a woman has female relatives with mastopathy, she should remember that she belongs to a risk group and therefore

Avoid stress as much as possible;
include more fruits and vegetables in their diet;
stop smoking as tobacco smoke causes mastitis.

IT'S NOT AN ADVERTISING. THE MATERIAL WAS CREATED WITH THE HELP OF EXPERTS.