A child begins to have clubfoot between the ages of 1 and 5

The period between 2 and 2½ years is very important. During this time it is important to pay attention to the vocabulary of the child. If by the age of two the child does not yet have a vocabulary, it may be a matter of delay. However, doctors, as a rule, are in no hurry to make this diagnosis. Small children can make great developmental strides in as little as six months. A non-speaking child suddenly starts using dozens of words and understands everything, even though he had problems with it before. Specialists are in no hurry to treat a child with mild to moderate development, such as B. IBS or irritable bowel syndrome to get a diagnosis before it is three years old.

When your child starts to sit

Your baby is perfectly capable of holding up his head, climbing onto his hands, and rolling from his back to his stomach and possibly back again. Mothers, fathers and relatives eagerly await the moment when their child can sit up unaided. In this position, it has a greater chance of exploring the world. To master this seemingly simple activity, the child must have strong back and abdominal muscles. Also, the organ of balance and the brain must work actively and coherently to help the child stay seated.

Each skill a child acquires is a new milestone in their development. Physical development in the first years of life and beyond is inextricably linked to mental development. In the first year of life, a certain sequence of skills that the child acquires is particularly important. In order to learn to sit, the child first learns the horizontal plane - it starts to keep its head stable, and then raises itself on its arms. At the same time, he strengthens his back and abdominal muscles and learns to roll from back to stomach and then backwards (from stomach to back as this is more difficult) 1 . Once the child has acquired these skills, they can begin to sit on their back with support. The average child can sit with support (e.g. on cushions, in a special chair, on a swing, in a stroller) from the age of six months. Within a month, the body muscles are exercised, the brain is coordinating the vestibular system, and by about the seventh month the average child is able to sit up unaided. Then he begins to learn an even more difficult skill: learning to sit up from a lying position without adult help. It takes about a month of practice before an eight-month-old child is able to rise from a lying position to a sitting position.

Can a baby who cannot sit up unaided be put down?

Until the age of six months, the use of various devices that support the baby in a sitting position should be avoided. This includes high chairs, car seats, reclining seats and other baby items. Why not use them sooner? Because the back muscles are only strong enough to maintain an upright posture at the age of about 6 months. Equally important, it is only at this age that the spine and hip joints are mature enough not to deform under the pressure of the weight of the upper body – head and chest. Also, do not put your baby on your lap before the age of six months. The infant's back arches, muscles are unable to maintain proper posture, and the heavy weight of the head puts significant pressure on the spine. However much you wish your baby could sit up faster, you have to wait until he is stronger 2 .

Doctors emphasize that the standard of fitness is average. This means children may learn to sit up a little earlier or later than the intended time. Every child develops according to its own genetic program. There are certain factors that affect the speed of learning a new skill:

• The time of birth. Premature babies learn new skills faster than those who are in a bit of a hurry to face the world. The explanation for this is simple: the infant first catches up on what it 'didn't get' in its mother's womb and only then begins the program intended for the first and subsequent years.
• The baby's weight and height. Lean and small 'lively babies' learn skills faster than their fatter and taller peers. That's because a larger body is physically harder to lift and harder muscles to work.
• The child's temperament. From birth, parents notice their children's temperament: they can be active, lively, and restless babies or sensitive, calm, and slow-moving toddlers. It is clear that they will learn to sit differently: the first will hurry to learn everything as quickly as possible, the second will do it slowly and carefully step by step 3 .

You have to do something, you have to help the child. Why is that important?

In this way, the child can gradually get used to the fact that the items on the left are not important. It will start to only pay attention to what is right or prefer the right side.. Then the left side of the booklet will no longer be important, the child will no longer pay attention to playing with children on the left side, on the scooter it will only turn in one direction, and when it grows up it will scratch the car on the left side…. This situation is a constant in all activities in life. That's why it's so important that you help your child deal with it.

Let's take the example of turning from back to stomach and analyze the situation with asymmetry in the child's movements. starts Turns to one side onlyThe child begins to roll only to one side and does not do so on the other side.

Rule number one is to bring about an automatism.

Don't start stimulating turning to either side. This would lead to the child not being able to turn to both sides in the first phase. Allow the child to master tilting in one direction first so that it becomes automatic. Automatic means light and fast. If there is no risk of injuring an untrained skill, start by encouraging flipping to the other side.

The second rule is not to discourage the child from turning to the 'fast side'.

If the child finds that this is better, it will be easier to crawl later, then draw their attention to the toy after turning over. After a while the child will realize that rolling onto the other side and then crawling is not effective and will attempt to learn to roll onto the other side. You can help him with this: give him a nudge at the beginning.

C Crawl the situation is more or less the same, but there are additional conditions.

• Make crawling automatic. As is. It may not be very correct, but it is necessary to master it. Then it is necessary to increase the load in the straight movement. You can put a slightly crumpled blanket in the way of the child. The obstacle will help him crawl more correctly and sensitively. In summer it can be the sand on the beach or the grass by the house….
• If both legs aren't evenly spaced, start leaning towards the 'right' one. Then he stands on it and has to start carrying the other leg.
• Increase mileage. Children can usually do this on their own.

About the author.

Oleg Leonkin, pediatric rehabilitator, hippotherapist, specialist in sensory integration and pediatric massage, husband and father of 5 children.

For more than 25 years I have been working at the interface of 3 sciences: medicine, education and psychology, 18 of them with 'special children'.

When I observe a child, I analyze about 40 factors, I see the level of development, I sense the child's needs and I am aware of his problems. I listen to the parents and have faith in them. I think, draw conclusions, make connections and explain. I translate from the child's language into the adult language.

What parents should not do during a crisis in the first year of life

Many parents worry because they don't know how best to deal with an anxious child. Don't worry - this difficult time should simply be lived by trying to make it as smooth as possible for you and the baby. It is important that you understand that everything that happens to your child is normal.

• blaming yourself when your child cries or is naughty;
• You listen to family members who say you spoiled your child;
• yelling at your child, showing your negative attitude and hitting them - they won't understand why;
• When you hit your child for broken toys and painted walls, they get to know the world;
• Forbid him to do anything. Remember that every ban is stressful for the child and that every naughty behavior and throwing away toys is an opportunity to learn about the world. In an emergency, calmly explain to them why they shouldn't;
• Don't use the word 'no' too often. Pick it up if your child really does something wrong (e.g. spills sugar on the table). And use the word 'dangerous' in critical situations;
• Discourage your child from being independent - support them when they want to do something independently;
• Go to extremes in accommodating every whim and desire - look for ways to distract or persuade the child;
• Behave inappropriately or wrongly in front of the child - children of this age copy everything;
• Let the child know that you are dominating them because you are an adult - they need to see you as their friend;
• Show the child that you are dominating them because you are an adult - they need to see you as their friend; ignore the toddler.

Advice for parents on how to weather the annual crisis

• Try to keep a daily routine;
• Create an environment that is as conducive to development as possible at home. educate it. Let him touch different surfaces, smell smells and hear sounds. Show him how to use different objects;
• Support your child in everything you do;
• Be a good example for your child;
• Give him simple tasks to make him feel responsible and independent;
• Agree on a parenting model with the rest of the family so that there are no conflicts between family members where one forbids and the other allows.

To avoid unnecessary conflict, set aside items that the child would be better off not touching.

• Set up a private space where the child feels responsible;
• Try to understand all the child's desires; if so, speak them out. For example: 'Oh, would you like a toy?' – or also: 'Do you want to touch the fire?'. You can then explain why this should not be done. It is important that unresolved situations do not arise;
• You shouldn't worry about your child being hit, hurt or burned, as long as the injury isn't serious, of course. A young person who learns the reality around him will face some challenges to learn to move safely in our difficult world;
• Respect the child's personality and show them your respect. This will help him grow into a strong and confident person;
• Show your child unconditional love. Hug and kiss them more often;
• If you have to leave the house, tell him/her. Explain to him that you will be back soon;
• If your child doesn't listen to you and continues to do something unacceptable, it's important to establish a clear system of rules and don'ts. Don't use force. Think of ways to distract or tempt them. For example, if your child refuses a certain food, offer to eat it with toys;
• Before you go to the toilet, you should interest the child in something, otherwise your absence will make him feel insecure. In that case, talk to him behind the door and explain that you will be leaving soon;
• If the child asks for help, help him, but don't overdo it. Let your child try to figure things out for themselves while you 'support' them in the part of the matter they can't do yet;
• If your child needs attention, give them time. And if he's not there, distract him with something interesting.

Brief assessment of the development. What can your child do at the age of 1.5?

Experts at the Institute for Early Intervention in St. Petersburg have developed a simple questionnaire that will help parents quickly assess their child's development in the first years of life.
The answers to the questionnaire allow a first assessment of the child's abilities: whether they are normal or whether there are grounds for further investigation.

The questions of the questionnaire correspond to the age of the child (15-17 months):

109. Names the object fully when interested.
110. Recognizes objects, toys and animals in pictures in books and magazines.
111. has a vocabulary of a few dozen simplified words.
112. recognizes a familiar adult in a photograph.
113. rolls a ball to an adult and invites him to play.
114. squats down.
115. Takes steps over obstacles.
Distinguishes between large and small items.

Sleep status is also important for the successful development of the child (Table of Sleep Standards).

What age is considered the most traumatic for a child?

Age 3-4 months

By this age, many infants are already rolling from their back to their stomach and back again. This is a very exciting activity (the view on the tummy is very different!) and the baby can practice kicking and screaming and rolling to one side or the other all day long. Therein lies the main danger!

Today you are used to your baby turning over within a minute, but tomorrow a baby who has eaten and is full of energy will do the same thing within two seconds when lying on the sofa or the changing table with his mother has just turned over for a rattle or pacifier. Then the baby falls to the ground and hits the ground with the heaviest part of his body – his head.

1. Choose a crib or playpen with high sides.
2. Don't leave your baby from 3 months old unattended on the high sides. When changing your baby on a changing table, keep your head off the edge.
3. When your baby starts changing and crawling, the safest place to play is on the floor (preferably a special mat).
4. When you go to the doctor, stay on the changing table for a minute.

1-1.5 years

By 6 months, your baby will crawl, sit up, try to get up and usually land back on the floor, startled, but then try again. At the age of 1 year, your baby is more or less secure on his feet and takes his first steps. As the child learns to walk, they often lose their balance and tend to fall sideways or on their head. Due to poor coordination, the child is not always able to bring his arms forward and therefore often hits his head.

A curious toddler exploring the area can pick up lumps and objects on the hard corners that they can easily drop on themselves by simply pulling on the overhanging edge of the tablecloth. This can include vases, mugs, books, lamps or laptops.

What to do if a child falls?

The most important tip for adults is not to panic! Try to behave normally, soothe the crying child and carefully examine the bruised area. If the wound is open and bleeding, apply a sterile bandage and apply pressure to the wound. A heating pad filled with ice can help stop the bleeding faster.

Important: If the impact is severe and the child is unconscious, do not lift the child yourself, call an ambulance immediately. A fall from a height not only affects the head, but also the neck. Without proper transportation, this can lead to serious complications.

After first aid, a doctor should be consulted to rule out adverse consequences of the fall.

If there are no obvious head injuries, the child should be observed for 24 hours. Look out for the following symptoms:

• loss of consciousness
• amnesia (loss of memory)
• Vomit
• slurred speech
• dizziness, headache
• Increased drowsiness, lethargy
• irritability
• Blurred vision
• Bloody nose or ears
• Asymmetry of the face or pupils, visual disturbances

With all these symptoms, you should see a doctor as soon as possible! Keep in mind that symptoms of concussion and brain damage can last up to 24 hours even if you seem fine immediately after the injury. That's why it's so important that you don't waste valuable time trying to fix the problem yourself.

Children with suspected traumatic brain injury should be evaluated by a neurosurgeon (or paramedic) at a specialty hospital to rule out life-threatening intracranial hematoma.

The SPECIALIST HOSPITAL for children with severe isolated and combined traumatic brain injuries is a multidisciplinary children's hospital with 24-hour CT, laboratory/diagnostic, intensive care, surgical, traumatic and neurosurgical services.

Causes. Why does a child fight at the age of 1?

Almost all 1-year-olds fight. It even happens that a 1-year-old bites constantly. There are four main reasons for this.

The child demands something that he likes. At this age the child discovers that taking or tapping is a way of getting what he wants. It keeps trying.

It's trying to say something. A one-year-old may not speak, or speak poorly. How frustrating it is for him at times that he cannot get his message across! And he finds it difficult to understand the language of others, especially words that do not refer to specific objects:

'That's a spoon, that's a cat, and your 'I can't', where is it? Once I heard it next to my mother, another time next to the stove. Is it everywhere?'.

Develop your child's language, and by the age of two, in many cases, they will start negotiating instead of fighting. Meanwhile, a one-year-old child bites to establish contact, such as to show displeasure or interest.

He is not in control of his emotions. A year-old's feelings change quickly. One day it's angry, the next it's calm. He has yet to learn to control his feelings and express them in an acceptable way. Often the child becomes so overcome with anger that he hits anyone he sees. A one-year-old slaps his mother in the face, then hugs and pets her again when she calms down. A bite or a slap in the face is no different for the child, it simply defends itself even if the mother thinks otherwise.

That draws attention. From the age of three, a child learns to judge whether what they are doing is right or wrong. By the age of one year he wants all the emotions of an adult without understanding the difference between positive and negative. Let's say he goes to the nest and sees the whole show: the mother frowns, furrows her eyebrows and scolds verbally. Of course he asks her for another performance - and she crawls back into the same spot. The one-year-old child bites and pinches because it can perceive what is happening as a game. Believe me, this act has nothing to do with real cruelty.

At the age of one you cannot tell whether a child is aggressive or not. Too much depends on the mood and the situation. Even at the age of three or four, you can tell if he's calm or high-spirited.

What should I do? How to stop a one-year-old from fighting

So the one-year-old child is arguing, what should parents do? Here are some tips on how to teach a one-year-old to stop arguing.

1 Speak clearly and distinctly. Say the same thing over and over again. Firm and determined without being obvious. Don't just ban, show him what you can do. A child learns prohibitions best when you match words with actions and lead by example.

2 Make him understand that fighting is useless. Also teach him other ways of communicating with peers or adults: swapping, waiting, etc.

3 Offer an alternative. If a kid is swinging the game to hit, take their hand and say, 'You can't do that. take care of me You can hit the ball.' And show you how it's done. If the child is in a fit of anger, step back and say, 'You can't do this. take care of me You are angry. Stomp and scream to make the anger go away.

4 Do not punish. Even if the child keeps fighting, don't spank them or yell loudly. The child will be confused: why do the parents forbid hitting, but do it themselves? Children trust adult example more than language. If the child is stubborn, you can increase the distance from him, but no more.

5 Be aware of your feelings. Getting angry with a child for fighting is stupid. The child will sooner or later get over his feelings. The lack of parental restraint can lead to the worst consequences.

6 Give positive reviews. The child is sensitive to the words of the parents. If you say 'greedy', 'thug', 'troublemaker', it will be so. Try to encourage them to be 'generous' and 'kind'.

What if a kid bounces off a bully? Psychologists differ on this point, but most agree that a child should be taught to fight back from the age of seven. Before this age, toddlers are unable to balance the force of the impact on them with the force of the reaction - so they can 'fight off' a lot more than they hurt.

When should you seek professional help?

In short: always. If parents notice anything unusual or if they think something is wrong, they should see a doctor who will examine the child, run the necessary tests, and provide an opinion. In this way, they can initiate treatment for the disability in good time.

You should take extra care if your child has problems:

These are not just symptoms of epidurals, but signs of delayed mental development. This problem should be taken more seriously. Another treatment is required.

Who to contact for treatment

Depending on the cause and severity of the disability, different doctors should be consulted. First and foremost, you should contact the pediatrician for a preliminary diagnosis and referral to a specialist:

1. Oral and maxillofacial surgeon – for physiological problems.
2. Speech therapist - helps with articulation.
3. Psychotherapist – for profound, brain-related speech pathologies.
4. Neonatologist - deals with problems of newborns.
5. Psychologist.
6. Audiologist – specializes in otolaryngology.
7. Neurologist.
8. Geneticist - It is worth checking if the delay is hereditary.
9. ENT (ear, nose and throat) – helps restore hearing.

Come to La Salute for expert help with delayed language development. In our clinic you will talk to a speech therapist, neuropsychologist, psychologist and neurologist, among others, who are able to support your child's language.

Toy for a child 1.5 years old

Until the end of the second year, the toys we mentioned in our previous article on development at 1 year remain important. These include wheelbarrows, toy guns, assembled toys, sorters of all kinds, surprise toys - and much more.

It is now possible to add different types of 'Kindertransport' - both those that can be wheeled and those that can be ridden. For themed and circle games, toy fruits and vegetables, kitchen utensils, furniture, etc. will be useful.

How sleep and child development influence each other

A child at the age of 1.5 years usually sleeps 12-13.5 hours a night, of which 1.5-2 hours are spent during the day (usually only one at this age). For more information on a one and a half year old baby's night and day sleep, see our article 'Baby Sleep Month by Month'.

'The baby is 19 months old. Wake up at 07:00, nap 12:00-14:00, bedtime at 20:00. At 7 p.m. we start bathing, changing diapers and slowing down in every way, but just before bedtime he starts to get excited, there are no quiet games or books to read, he is just hugged, almost violently , carried away, and then he calms down and goes to bed, although I don't see any signs of tiredness (before daylight you can see his tiredness when he rubs his face).

He falls asleep quickly and sleeps through the night without waking up. Could it be that I'm putting him to bed a little early and a comfortable wake up time in the evening is 6.5 hours? Or could it be that at this age there are no signs of tiredness and the wake up time is appropriate if the night has been good?

If I understand correctly, the baby tosses and turns but then quickly falls asleep and has a good night's sleep. The speed of falling asleep and the quality of sleep are very important in 'calculating' the optimal wake-up time for a baby. And when falling asleep is quick and sleep is peaceful, you don't need to work towards a perfect evening of quiet gaming. Chances are your son has a fairly stable nervous system and can (with your help) 'settle down' quickly despite all the excitement.

Try this tactic: About an hour before bedtime, schedule an active play session in which your son lets off steam, runs around, and laughs a lot, and then gradually transitions into quieter activities.

Treatment of misaligned teeth in children

What to do if a child has misaligned teeth? In any case, the treatment should be started immediately! Unlike adults with misaligned teeth, which can only be treated with braces or liners (severe cases often require surgery), children's bite problems are treated in different ways. The technique depends on the age of the child and the specific clinical case. The table below shows the possible treatments for children in different age groups.

Tooth misalignment in a child under 1 year old

For very young children (less than 1 year old), choose special orthodontic pacifiers for feeding and try to avoid pacifiers that can negatively affect the development of teeth.

Misaligned teeth in children aged 1 to 2 years

At this age, the milk teeth begin to erupt and can be taken to the orthodontist. When a 1-year-old child has potential misaligned teeth, special plates are often needed to reduce the possibility of misaligned teeth caused by biting on various objects.

Misaligned teeth in a child aged 3 to 7 years

By the age of 3, a child has usually grown all their teeth, allowing orthodontic problems to be corrected if necessary. At this age, bite problems are usually corrected with removable plates, trainers, and LM activators to straighten, widen, or narrow the teeth and improve articulation.

Consequences of an abnormal bite in a child

Unfortunately, it is still common for parents to be unaware of the consequences of a bad bite on their children and to take a rather irresponsible approach to their child's dental health. Over time, a child develops a malocclusion that continues into adulthood. Children's teeth are much more flexible and tolerant of mechanical interventions, while correcting an adult's bite is much more complicated and time-consuming. In addition, adults are much less likely to accept treatment due to the inconvenience and limitations involved, which over time leads to a number of complications and unpleasant consequences. An abnormal bite leads to abnormal functioning of the muscles and joints throughout the jaw system, resulting in a characteristic popping, cramping, and pain that spreads to nearby areas, leading to migraines, hearing loss, and other uncomfortable symptoms. When the temporomandibular joints do not function properly, sleep apnea (shortness of breath during sleep) occurs, which is an additional factor in cardiovascular disease and has much worse consequences.

What are the risks of misaligned teeth in children from a psychological point of view? When a child has a serious defect, their self-esteem is affected (especially in adolescence and adulthood). In today's world, a smile is considered an integral part of a healthy and successful image, so the question of aesthetics is also very important in this case. As you can see, everything in our body is connected. Therefore, orthodontic treatment should never be postponed, especially since problems in childhood can be corrected more easily and quickly.

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